Bribery Scandal @ Siemens

Case Analysis by Steve Akana steve. [email  protected] edu BUS 685 Global Business Management Case 1 – The Bribery Scandal at Siemens AG Overview The report will analyze the case study and discuss the bribery scandal at Siemens AG. The author of the case study paints a picture of a successful and arguably dominant multi-national firm, with a reputation for a war chest of competencies and innovative products. The obvious question, then, is why would a firm with this resume and list of global achievements become involved with corruption and criminal behavior?Therefore, the case study raised questions such as the accountability of senior managers to the rampant corruption occurring in global divisions. Summary On November 15, 2006, 30 offices and private homes were raided by 200 police officers, tax inspectors, and prosecutors in Munch and other cities in Germany to investigate suspected bribery, embezzlement of company funds, and tax evasion. Five Siemens employees were taken into custody in connection with the case. Swiss prosecutors were also involved in the raids because they had an independent investigation on three people connected to Siemens, which launched in 2005.As a result, there was â‚ ¬420M of questionable payments made over a sevenyear period from 1999 to 2006. Official Siemens records showed the payments as having gone to external consultants. It was determined, however, that the funds were actually paid to foreign purchasing officials and that the expenditures coincided with the procurement of â€Å"fixed-line line telecommunications business in various international markets,† including Italy, Puerto Rico, Greece, and the United States. Siemens acknowledged that certain company employees were engaged in fraud, and the damage to the company could be around â‚ ¬10-30M.Because of the fraud Siemen’s was burdened with an additional â‚ ¬168M in income tax charges since 1999. Their net profit was restated from â‚ ¬3. 106 B to â‚ ¬3. 033B. By the spring of 2007, two former Siemens managers were convicted of embezzlement of company funds (â‚ ¬6M) for the purpose of bribing foreign officials to win a natural-gas turbine contract. The employees argued that their actions did not violate any laws, resulted in no personal gain, and were taken solely for the purpose of improving Siemens’ positioning.They argued that they worked only to secure a lucrative deal in which the payments were required by Enel management as part of the standard bid process. In fact, Siemens AG argued that the court order requiring forfeiture of earnings from the contract, prior to 2002 when the German government instituted a law prohibiting bribes to private officials abroad, specifically, had no basis in law. Analysis It took approximately 200 government officials, made up of police officers, tax inspectors, and prosecutors to indite five Siemens employees.The result was that the company was fined â‚ ¬30M, which wa s approximately 7% of the total â‚ ¬420M in bribes Siemens paid out. Combined, Siemens lost a total of â‚ ¬450M in 2006. Therefore, the company had to restate their net profits for 2006 from â‚ ¬3. 106B to â‚ ¬3. 033B. The adjustment was a mere 1. 4% of their total net profits in 2006. Two Siemens employees gave out bribes worth â‚ ¬6M in order to win contracts. The punishment for these briberies was a fine of â‚ ¬44M; however, the contract awarded to Siemens was worth â‚ ¬450M.Therefore, the company’s gain was a profit of â‚ ¬406M. The penalties Siemens paid were roughly 10% of the overall profit made from the contract. So was it worth it for Siemens to engage in criminal behavior? The punishment they received of paying fines varying up to 10 percent were only a drop in the bucket compared to the profits they gained. So from the viewpoint of a Siemens employee who is willing to break the law in order to gain large profits, it was definitely worth it.A s a matter of fact, if a company anticipates the percentage of penalties that will be applied for breaking the law, they could actually build that figure into their contract award fee and then move on with the business as usual. Furthermore, in addition to the financial repercussions Siemens experienced, the case study also mentioned damages to their reputation. In the end, however, Siemens’ growing profits did not reveal any decreases due to a damaged reputation. By 2011, Siemens ended up making more money than they had in the last five years, since 2007. From 1999 to 2006, their combined net income was â‚ ¬26. 3B (over seven years), and from 2011 to 2007, their combined net income was â‚ ¬31. 95B (over five years). Discussion Questions 1. Is unethical behavior the cost of doing business? What exactly is the role of Senior Managers? 2. Was Siemens penalized enough? Should fines be used as a deterrent to bribery? Are these the effects of the absence of adequate laws or weak enforcement practices? 3. Relativism vs. Normativism (Co-Determination Law). Relativism is the idea that ethics and morals are based on the context of a situation; the people involved, and their beliefs.Normativism is the idea of universal law based on what is good for everyone alike. So in this situation, would it be more appropriate to view Siemens’ actions in the context that they were simply trying to make profits? Conversely, would it be more appropriate to view the situation as what might be good for one company is not good for others, creating an unfair playing field? Would you apply relativism or Normativism to this case study when examining the Co-Determination Law? 4. Can you discuss in your own words, what is the difference between lobbying and bribery?Recommendations 1. Executive Ethics Program – Mandate that anyone equal to or above a director level to undergo a specialized business ethics and regulations program for executives. We should hold the gov ernment responsible to provide this training. The program would be taught by people who enforce the law, such as litigation lawyers and prosecutors. Training the people in the company at the level where the bribes derive from is much more appropriate than mandating a company-wide training where only lower level employees will end up receiving this training. 2.Levy Stricter Fines – Any company caught giving bribes for any reason will not be allowed to keep the profits they made as a result from the contracts won. The fines the company will owe to the government will be the equivalent to the gains received or the potential value of the contract being awarded. If the company is found guilty, they must walk away from the contract, allowing other companies that did not break the law to rebid on the contract. 3. Two Years of Probation – companies that break the law will not be allowed to bid on any contracts in the industry in which the contract existed, i. . a contract with an Energy Company would prevent further bids on any contracts in the energy industry for two years. Lessons Learned 1. 2. 3. 4. A strong ethical culture is critical for effective corporate governance. Merely publicizing the need for integrity won’t bring it about. Senior executives need to know what is going on throughout the organization. Strong internal control is more important in a widely dispersed and decentralized company. 5. A focus on â€Å"making the numbers† will never be successful in the long run. Questions still needing to be answered 1.How acceptable are bribes and kickbacks in industrialized countries? 2. Who will go to jail, and how much will the financial settlements cost Siemens? 3. What will be the effect of the scandal on Siemens’s strategic plans to acquire/dispose of business units? 4. Where were the internal and external auditors? 5. Can an outsider like new CEO Loscher really change an entrenched corporate culture? Reference Deresky, Hel en. (2011). International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures (7th Edition ed. ). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

Thesis (Parking Area in the State University)

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Rationale Every individual has only one life; so, it must be protected from any forms of accidents that may cause death. Accidents can happen anywhere at anytime and could happen unexpectedly. There are accidents that happen due to negligence of both the victim and the offender. The NORSU-BSC Campus is a school where motor vehicles are allowed to get in and out of the campus. There are owners of motor vehicles who are roaming around the campus even during classes and with tampered mufflers which destruct classes. Moreover, some motor vehicles are parked anywhere or even along the pathways where they cause problems to many. This indiscriminate parking activity is not desired for a university that promotes good image and sets as an example of peace and orderliness to the public. It is along this line that the researchers who are future implementers of school rules and regulations would like to find out the volume of these motor vehicles entering the campus, and to identify the problems caused by indiscriminate parking. The findings of this study would help NORSU-BSC in designing a parking area to avoid problems and untoward accidents brought about by indiscriminate parking. Statement of the Problem This study would like to identify the indiscriminate parking of motor vehicles in Negros Oriental State University, Bayawan City. It sought to answer the following ques-tions: 1. )What is the profile of the respondents in terms of 1. 1. Sex; 1. 2. Age; and 1. 3. Course? 2. )What is the volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus? 3. What are the observed usual parking areas of motor vehicles? 4. )What are the reasons in choosing parking areas for motor vehicles? 5. )What are the problems caused by the existing parking preferences of motor vehicle owners (indiscriminate parking)? Significance of the Study Negros Oriental State University, Bayawan Sta. Catalina Campus comprises four colleges with growing enrolment each year. With an increase in enrolment also comes an increase in the volume of vehicles that come and go, entering and leaving the campus everyday. This daily routine of students and teachers has created a problem as to the most appropriate area for parking motor vehicle. This being the case, the researchers who are students in Criminology have embarked in conducting a study on the indiscriminate park-ing of motor vehicles in the campus, the result of which shall prove beneficial to the Uni-versity and the clientele, students, visitors, and the faculty and staff who own motor ve-hicles that enter and leave the campus on a temporary or permanent basis daily. To have a proper parking area of motor vehicles in the school campus brings ad-vantages. First, it can eliminate the disturbance of classes because of the noisy sound mufflers of the motor vehicles. Second, it can avoid accidents inside the school premises. Third, it can make the criminology students vigilant of their duties as implementers in preparation for their professional jobs. Lastly, it can give peace of mind to owners if their motor vehicles are parked properly. This study would also benefit the following: NORSU. The result of this study would help the administration plan a parking area for motor vehicles of both the students and the faculty and staff. Motorists. This would help the motorists secure their motor vehicles by parking them in a designated area. Students. The students would be safe from any accidents resulting in indiscriminate park-ing and pathways are safe for them. NORSU BSC Campus. The NORSU campus would have a peaceful and orderly environ-ment since the motor vehicles are parked in their designated parking area. Scope and Limitation of the Study This study is limited only to the responses of the students, faculty and staff of Ne-gros Oriental State University, Bayawan City Campus who are wners of motor vehicles and are getting in and out of the school campus. This study started last August 2010 and ends on November 2010. Definition of Terms The following terms are defined to facilitate understanding of concepts and terms used in the study: Criminology Student. A student of NORSU–BSC who can be the implementers of the school rules and regulations especially in the proper parking of motor vehicles. Faculty and Staff. The school personnel who are teaching and are non-teaching who own motor vehicles that are coming in and out of the school campus of NORSU-BSC. Indiscriminate Parking. Refers to a vehicle parked anywhere in the campus preferred by the motor vehicle owner. Motor Vehicles. Any vehicles propelled by any power other than muscular power using the public highway, but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street- sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mower, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used only in public highways, vehicles which run only on rails or tracks, tractors, and trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes. Parking. The area where most of the motor vehicles have been brought to stop on shoulder or proper edge of a highway or pathway, and remain in active in that place or close thereto for an appreciable period of time. Parking Area. An area where the motor vehicles are parked in a designated area. Stopping. The motor vehicles have been brought to a stop on shoulder or proper edge of a highway or pathway, and remain in active in that place or close thereto for an appreciable period of time. Undesignated Parking Area. An area where the owners park their motor vehicles in their preferred areas. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY This study is anchored on the Classical Theory by Dr. Cesare Lombroso. He argued the study and treatment of the offenders as an individual, rather than of focusing attention on the abstract crime in the classical manner. He generally supported reformatory treat-ment of all prisoners except born criminals. It established the fact that 18th century law was generally administered within the basis of corruption, arbitrariness and cruelty. Under the way for reformation, it was pointed out that criminal law remained and demonstrated what the faults were and the remedies might be. It advocated the restriction of the power of the judges through legislation which would provide penalties based on the calculated harm of the given crime o society. The classical theory regarded the criminal law as originating in torts or wrongs to individuals. According to this theory, all wrongs produced efforts at self-redress in the injured parties and were therefore treated as injuries to particular individuals. Later, by a series of transi-tions, the group took charge of the transaction and the wrong to the state. This theory however, is inadequate for it assumes the priority of the individual to the group. . Human evolves in various ways to make its members conform and behave according the norms and standards set by them. These process takes forms institutionalized means of making laws by the implementers. The manifestations of punishes in a particular conduct because it is believed harmful to permit such conduct to exist or continue. Some instances even though the dependant did not know nor to untold to commit any wrong shall be penalized. Man is essentially a moral creature with an absolutely free will to choose between good and evil and therefore more stress upon the criminal himself and also basic criminal liability is human free will and the purpose of penalty is retribution. Endeavor to establish a Mechanical and Proportion between crime and penalty Since man and lunatics cannot calculate pleasure and pain they should be regarded as criminal or to be punished. Man composes the nation, and this nation in order to continue its existence, has to police itself, set up rules and regulations for itself in order to guide and educate its inhabitants. Because of the systematic movements and activities done by the people, who at the same time governmenting themselves, the so called came into existence could not exist in a group of people who are living in a territory unless they govern-themselves with rules and regulations. If they are not able to establish peace and order among themselves, the law of the jungle would prevail, these means that only the fit will survive. But man is higher than animals and plants. He is wise and uses his power to think unlike the animals and plants that are only governed by their instinct. So, in order to preserve and mankind, he has to iscipline himself and live in accordance with the rules and regulations he himself had established in the society. Human behavior swayed by the ideals which emerged in their daily life. Conse-quently, they give greater emphasis to the prevention of crime and to measures designed to protect society. Ideas of moral guilt and the categorization of crimes gave way to reco gnition of environmental influences and individual differences among offenders. Classification of criminals were based on their behavior or characteristics in terms of physique, heredity, psychology, and environment. CLASSICAL THEORY (Dr. Cesare Lombroso) Figure 1. The Theoretical Framework of the Study CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY The conceptual framework describes the flow and direction of this study. In the independent variables, the researchers identified the profile of the respondents and the problems encountered by indiscriminate parking of motor vehicles in NORSU-BSC. The dependent variables are the result of the study conducted. 1. ) Profile of the respondents 1. 1 Age; 1. 2 Sex; and 1. 3 Course 2. ) Volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus. . ) Common areas where indiscriminate parking is observed. 4. ) Reason for indiscriminate parking. 5. ) Problems encountered by indiscriminate parking. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES Designated common parking area of motor vehicles in NORSU-BSC Assessment of indiscriminate parking of motor vehicles in NORSU-BSC. Figure 2: The Conceptual Framework of the Study RELATED LITERATURE The University of Bradley is a school where parking of motor vehicles is strictly implemented. Any motor vehicle parked on university property in regulated spaces must display a valid Bradley University parking permit or pass. The type of permit indicates the areas where the vehicle may be parked. Any vehicle which has accumulated six (6) or more unpaid parking citations or which inhibits traffic flow, hampers fire protection, is parked illegally in a reserved or handicapped space, blocks handicapped access, displays a lost/stolen or forged/altered parking permit is subject to immediate towing and impoundment. Parking permits are required from 7:00 a. . to 7:00 p. m. , Monday through Friday. The Visitors lot is a reserved area. All faculty, staff and students are prohibited from parking within this area unless otherwise notified. These regulations are subject to change without notice when necessary to facilitate the parking or safety program of the University. When changes are necessary and have been approved by the University, an announcement will be made, if possible, in app ropriate university publications, prior to the effective date of the change. ([email  protected] du) Likewise, The University of the Pacific is a school wherein the rules and regula-tions about parking of motor vehicles is strictly imposed and well implemented. There are provisions that regulate the university and must be imposed by the Department of Public Safety without fear or favor. The provisions of the California Vehicle Code and University regulations issued by the Board of Regents of the University will be enforced by the Department of Public Safety on all property owned and/or operated by the University Parking and traffic regulations are established under the authority of Section 21113 of the California Vehicle Code. These regulations apply to all faculties, staff, students and visitors of the university and are intended to promote pedestrian and vehicular safety, make parking facilities available to all members of the campus community, ensure access at all times for ambulance, firefighting equipment and other emergency/service vehicles and provide proper collection of parking fees. All motor vehicles parked on university property must either have a properly authorized temporary parking permit which is displayed according to instructions on the permit or a valid annual decal. Vehicles displaying arking permits or decals which are improperly located are subject to citation. Permission to drive or park on university property may be denied by proper authority at anytime. Possession of a current parking permit or pass does not guarantee a parking space. The responsibility of locating a legal parking space in any given lot or street rests solely with the holder of the permit or pass. Vehicle Maintenan ce is not permitted on campus. Violators are subject to citations and charges for cleanup. Heavy fines are imposed for oil/petroleum products left on the roadways. The maximum speed limit on campus streets is 15 miles per hour for all vehicles. The parking lot speed limit is 10 miles per hour for all vehicles. No person shall drive, stop, park, or leave standing any vehicle whether attended or not, upon any drive-way, sidewalk, landscaped area or any area not marked for parking or in any other location that will obstruct the view of any sign posted by the Department of Public Safety. Vehicles can not be used as living quarters while parked on campus. Vehicles must be fully contained in the stalls/areas marked for parking. Diagonally and perpendicular parked vehicles must have one wheel within 18† of the curb. Both inside wheels of a parallel parked vehicle must have the wheels within 18† of the curb. All parking along roadways and areas not otherwise marked must be parallel and facing the direction of traffic. Visitors to the campus between 7:00 a. m to 5:00 p. m must display a temporary parking permit on their vehicle. If parking in the reserved visitor’s parking near the tower you must obtain a temporary parking permit from the tower lobby. Park Ur Self permit dispensers are located in front of the Faye Spanos Concert Hall and in the swimming pool parking lot. These permits are valid in â€Å"B† lots. ([email  protected] of the Pacific. com) Providing adequate parking facilities and the proper supervision of campus traffic is a major activity on university campuses throughout the United States. This is especially true at institutions like Southern Connecticut State University, where a large part of the student body commutes daily. To protect students and visitors to the university from automobile accidents, as well as to provide security for motor vehicles parked on the campus, the following rules and regulations must be observed. Failure to comply may lead to the issuance of a university parking ticket and/or a state motor vehicle infraction, the towing of the vehicle at the owner's expense, and when warranted, a disciplinary action by the university. The university reserves the right to tow or impound any vehicle that is illegally parked or parked in a way that constitutes a serious hazard, impedes vehicle or pedestrian movements, or impairs the operation of emergency equipment and/or the making of repairs. Owners will be required to pay all the costs involved in removing and impounding vehicles. In a spirit of cooperation with the New Haven and Hamden communities, students are asked not to park their vehicles on city streets in residential areas adjacent to the campus. ([email  protected] Connecticut State University. om) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The researchers focused on how the respondents park their motor vehicles in the absence of designated parking area. The researchers conducted a survey on the campus and listed down the chassis numbers or plate numbers, color and model of motor vehicles entering the school campus. The researchers used the listed motor vehicles as the basis to the number of respondents to be included of the study. Research Design In this study, the descriptive survey method was employed utilizing the ques-tionnaire as the main tool in gathering the data. The data were then treated statistically to give a scientific analysis. Research Environment This study was conducted at Negros Oriental State University Bayawan Sta. -Catalina campus. Research Respondents The respondents of this study were the motor vehicle owners getting inside the school campus and who parked motor vehicles indiscriminately. Research Sampling Table 1. 0 Number of Respondents RespondentsPopulation of the Respon-dentsPurposive Sampling (n) Faculty and Staff2525 Students132132 The researchers listed down the plate numbers or chassis numbers, color and model of the motor vehicles entering the school campus to have a basis of the number of respondents. There were 132 respondents from the student and 25 respondents from the faculty and staff. The over all total is 157 respondents who have motor vehicles in NOR-SU-BSC. The researchers used the purposive sampling method. Only owners of the listed chosen motor vehicle owners were considered the sample as respondents. Statistical Tool The researchers used the questionnaire as the statistical tool of the study. ORGANIZATIONAL OF THE STUDY Chapter 1 of this study presents the problem and its scope, the rationale of the study, statement of the problem, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms, theoretical framework of the study, conceptual framework of the study, related literature and related studies, research methodology which includes the research design, research instrument used and data gathering procedure of the study. Chapter 2 presents the analysis of the data. It also presents the different data. Chapter 3 encompasses the summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations, which consist of the highlights of the findings, the conclusions and the recommendations drawn from the study. CHAPTER 2 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data and its finding in relation to the problem of this study. Table 2. 0 Profile of Students n=132 n= 25 ProfileStudentsFaculty f%f% SEX : Male12292. 421768 Female107. 58832 Total13225 AGE : 15-209571. 9700 21-253425. 76520 26-3032. 27832 31 above001248 Total13225 Course : BSIT4332. 8 BSCRIM4836. 36 INFOTECH1511. 36 COMSCI21. 15 BSED64. 57 BSA10. 76 BSHM96. 82 AMDNA10. 76 BSBA75. 30 Total132 Table 2. 0 on the preceding page shows the personal profile of the student respon-dents. In terms of Sex; there were 122 or 92. 42% male and 10 or 7. 58% female, and the faculty respondents. For sex; there were 17 or 68% male and 8 or 32% female. According to the responses, respo ndents were mostly males. The age bracket of the respondents was from 15-20, their average age frequency was 95 or 71. 97%, in the age average bracket of 21-25 years old had an average age fre-quency of 34 or 25. 6%, and the age bracket of 26-30 years old had an average frequency of 3 or 2. 27%. For the faculty, in the age bracket of 21-25 the average age frequency was 5 or 20%, in the age bracket 26-30 years old has an average age frequency was 8 or 32%, and that of the age bracket of 31 years old and above had the highest average age frequen-cy of 12 or 48%. In the courses of the respondents, there were 43 or 32. 58% in the BSIT, 48 or 36. 36% in the BSCrim, 15 or 11. 36% in the InfoTech, 2 or 1. 15% in the ComSci, 6 or 4. 55% in the BSED, 1 or 0. 76% in the BSA, 9 or 6. 82% in the BSHM, 1 or 0. 76% in the AMDNA, 7 or 5. 0% in the BSBA. Most of the respondents came from the Bachelor of Science in Criminology. Table 3. 0 Volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus n= 15 7 Registered Motor VehiclesTotal Number Faculty25 Students132 Total157 Table 3 shows the volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus which totaled to 157 motor vehicles, 25 motor vehicles coming from the faculty and 132 motor vehicles coming from the students. This totaled number volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus is bases of the researchers in spreading the questionnaires as the researchers sampling method in conducting the study. Table 4. 0 Common Observed Parking Areas of Motor Vehicles Faculty: n= 25 Students: n= 132 Parking areasf%f% Shady Areas1144%2216. 67 Near the room312%118. 33 Pathway Shoulders 14%10. 76 Accessible Parking Areas1040%9874. 2 Total25132 Table 4 shows that the faculty chose the area of parking in a shady area with a fre-quency of 11 and a percentage of 44% while students preferred accessible parking areas with a frequency of 98 and a percentage of 74. 24%. This shows that motorist failed to fol-low the temporary designated area for parking. They preferred for their personal conveni-ence. There were fewer responses on near the room and pathway shoulders as their parking areas. Table 5. 0 Reasons for Choosing Parking Areas Faculty: n= 25 Students: n= 132 Reasons for Parkingf%f% Near the Classroom3122418. 18 Safety17689874. 24 Accessibility520107. 58 Total25132 Table 5 shows the responses of the different respondents on the reasons for choos-ing parking areas. Most of the students responded that they chose the area for the safety with the average of 98 or 74. 24% the same reason for the faculty with a frequency of 17 or 68%. A few responses on the reasons of near the classroom and accessibility. This means that the owners of the motor vehicles chose the area for their convenience. They are looking forward for the safety of their motor vehicles in the sense of no matter what happen in the area where they parked. This means that they don’t care the other motor vehicles as long as their motor vehicle is safety. Table 6. 0 Problems Caused by Indiscriminate Parking Faculty: n= 25 Students: n= 132 Problemsf%f% Disturbance of classes10404231. 82 Narrowing the pathways10404836. 6 Eyesore3121511. 36 Accident prone due to freedom to cross the cam-pus streets in preferred speed 2 8 27 20. 45 Total25132 Table 6 shows the responses on the problems caused by indiscriminate parking. Most of the respondents both the faculty and the students responded that it caused distur-bance of classes and thus resulted to narrowing the pathways with a frequency of 10 and a percentage of 40%, 42 and 31. 82%, 48 and 36. 36% res pectively, followed by eyesore and caused accident prone due to freedom to cross the campus street in preferred speed. Based on the results, most of the problems were disturbance of classes and narrowing pathways in the campus. This means that these motorists have less care on what is going on in terms of disturbing classes and narrowing pathways with their motor vehicle. CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This study is focused on the motor vehicles coming in and out the school premises of NORSU-BSC this school year 2010-2011. Summary: This study would like to identify the volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus of Negros Oriental State University, Bayawan City. It sought to answer the following questions. 1. ) What is the profile of the respondents in terms of 1. 1. Age; 1. 2. Sex; and 1. 3. Course? 2. ) What is the volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus? 3. ) What are the common areas where indiscriminate parking is observed? 4. ) What are the reasons for the indiscriminate parking? 5. ) What are the problems caused by indiscriminate parking? Findings: 1. The personal profile of the student respondents. In terms of Sex; there were 122 or 92. 42% male and 10 or 7. 58% female, and the faculty respondents. For sex; there were 17 or 68% male and 8 or 32% female. According to the responses, respon-dents were mostly males. The age bracket of the respondents was from 15-20, their average age frequency was 95 or 71. 97%, in the age average bracket of 21-25 years old had an average age frequency of 34 or 25. 76%, and the age bracket of 26-30 years old had an average frequency of 3 or 2. 27%. For the faculty, in the age bracket of 21-25 the average age frequency was 5 or 20%, in the age bracket 26-30 years old has an average age frequency was 8 or 32%, and that of the age bracket of 31 years old and above had the highest average age frequency of 12 or 48%. In the courses of the respondents, there were 43 or 32. 58% in the BSIT, 48 or 36. 36% in the BSCrim, 15 or 11. 36% in the InfoTech, 2 or 1. 15% in the ComSci, 6 or 4. 55% in the BSED, 1 or 0. 76% in the BSA, 9 or 6. 82% in the BSHM, 1 or 0. 76% in the AMDNA, 7 or 5. 30% in the BSBA. Most of the respondents came from the Bachelor of Science in Criminology. 2. The volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus which totaled to 157 motor vehicles, 25 motor vehicles coming from the faculty and 132 motor vehicles coming from the students. 3. The faculty chose the area of parking in a shady area with a frequency of 11 and a percentage of 44% while students preferred accessible parking areas with a frequency of 98 and a percentage of 74. 24%. 4. The responses of the different respondents on the reasons for choosing parking areas. Most of the students responded that they chose the area for the safety with the average of 98 or 74. 24% the same reason for the faculty with a frequency of 17 or 68%. A few responses on the reasons of near the classroom and accessibility. 5. The responses on the problems caused by indiscriminate parking. Most of the res-pondents both the faculty and the students responded that it caused disturbance of classes and thus resulted to narrowing the pathways with a frequency of 10 and a percentage of 40%, 42 and 31. 82%, 48 and 36. 36% respectively, followed by eye-sore and caused accident prone due to freedom to cross the campus street in pre-ferred speed. Conclusions: 1. Most of the students and faculty respondents are male and in the age bracket of 15-20 and 31 and above respectively. Most of the student respondents are taking up BS Criminology, followed closely by those taking up BS Industrial Technology 2. The volume of registered motor vehicles entering the campus is 157. 3. Most of the faculty parked their motor vehicles in shady areas, while most of the students chose to park their motor vehicles in areas accessible to them. 4. Safety of the motor vehicle is the mostly responded reason for choosing the parking area. 5. The mostly identified caused by indiscriminate parking is narrowing of pathways. Recommendation: 1. The campus must strict in providing one parking area for the motor vehicles of stu-dents and faculty to avoid problems and accidents brought about by indiscriminate parking.

The Death Penalty and Offenders with Mental Retardation Research Paper

The Death Penalty and Offenders with Mental Retardation - Research Paper Example It is not surprising that executing of mentally defective people faces public resistance. The interrogations revealed that a great number of United States citizens are against death penalty for people with mental retardation including those who support the execution as such. The law that forbids the execution of mentally sick individuals was already passed in 13 states and 7 states are going to pass it as well. The United States of America is the only democratic country in the world that executes mentally ill or defective people (Gross, 2007). First of all, such laws are at variance with basic Human Rights,  which consider death to be a violation of the main right of humans – right to life, especially if it is applied to individuals who suffer from mental retardation. David Anderson states: †¦we shall now look at the great international documents and some other documents which speaks of human rights and the "right to life" in relation to the death penalty. We shall then observe that the abolitionists have come to a minefield, because the fundamental international documents testify in this matter more to the advantages of the death penalty. It is only some lately additional paragraphs which want to see some other order of things (Anderson, 2001). Many people who support the death penalty and consider it to be necessary in some cases state that it looses its initial meaning and significance and turn into violence if applied to mentally defective people. This punishment is to be used in most serious cases for the crimes committed deliberately and with cruelty. However, the actions of mentally disabled people can’t be considered as deliberate. They can’t live a full-fledged life because of their incurable trouble. Such people have a lot of problems with making decisions, recollection, concentration, and with comprehension of outcomes

Identify and explain the principal techniques of transfer pricing, and Essay

Identify and explain the principal techniques of transfer pricing, and comment on likely developments in transfer pricing in an era of globalization - Essay Example In contrast, a market price is not determined by an individual but prevails to any participant within a market set-up involving exchange of goods and services between unrelated persons. We note that the market price cannot be tampered with and every person strives to maximize on own gains. Prices within the conventional market scene are determined by forces of market while the transfer prices are determined and set by an individual and thus are not negotiated freely or openly. This implies that transfer prices would often deviate from the conventional market prices within the same or alike market circumstances. It is worth to note that subsidiaries to one enterprise operating within one country face similar operational environment and hence the transfer prices poses similar problems of tax avoidance while compared to subsidiaries operating within different countries. With multinationals running various subsidiaries in different countries, which have different regulatory frameworks, t axation problems through transfer prices are very pronounced. The most prevalent problem with price transfers with multinationals is the tendency of subsidiaries stating inaccurate prices in order to lower profit margins to avoid high taxation. Beside, multinationals manipulate transfer prices through the internal payment networks with the goods they share between one to another. Therefore, the channels adopted within trading transactions by multinational subsidiaries, some price distortions are possible which may not be possible within the uncontrolled trading transactions by unrelated/unaffiliated trading companies. There are a number of principles techniques, which are applied in transfer pricing and which determine the overall outcome in price transfers. The methods of transfer pricing involve ways of calculation of margins of profits of business transactions within an entire business enterprise. However, it is worth

English is seen by some as 'the global language'. Discuss with Essay - 1

English is seen by some as 'the global language'. Discuss with reference to some of the domains in which English is gaining most - Essay Example It is interesting to discuss why English, and why not any other language. According to Crystal David (2003 ) a language achieves a global status only when it develops a ‘special role’ and fulfils certain functions. The ‘power function’ of language expects that it should enable us to gain goods and services in order to live well and lead a good life. The ‘community function’ of language helps us to represent a personal and social identity. The former is a centrifugal force and the latter is a centripetal force. Let us examine how far the English language is successful in playing the ‘special role’ which implies numerous facets, so that it can rightly be called an international language. One hypothesis can be that a language that is the Mother Tongue of people in maximum number of countries can be an international language. But geographically speaking, English is a mother tongue in a handful of nations like USA, Canada, Britain, Irela nd, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa several Caribbean countries and a few others. Yet, we observe that its influence has reached all parts of the world. Hence, being a mother tongue of many nations cannot be a criterion for being qualified as an international language. ... The language adhered to the religion and was retained. English was the language of administration during the British rule and even after Independence, English continued to be used as an official language in more than 70 countries like Ghana, Nigeria, India and Singapore, to mention a few. In the 19th century, England was politically a powerful nation. In the 20th century, its power began to wane and USA became economically dominant. The mother tongue in USA is also English. Political power establishes a language, as it happened in the 19th century. But it is economic power that helps to maintain and expand it. This happened in the 20th century when America became an economic power. It is indeed true that ‘English was at the right place at the right time’. ( Crystal David, 2003 ) The Industrial Revolution and the Electronic Revolution were two important historical events that changed the face of the world. These revolutions were led by British and American scientists. The y brought vast changes in the lifestyle of people all over the world and were two major steps towards globalization. Following these events, English language captured areas like media, advertising, popular music, broadcasting, cinema, computers and internet. In order to stay ‘with the world’, people realized that they had to know the English language. It promoted international relations. English is taught as a foreign language in more than 100 countries today, the chief among them being China, Germany, Spain, Egypt, Brazil, India and an ever increasing number of countries for that matter. A lot of time and money is spent by many countries in teaching English as a foreign language. It is realized by one and all

Program Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Program Proposal - Essay Example hes to Syndrome X factors ,as were available on standalone basis, some 15 years back; Record the present evolution of the holistic approach; List out nutraceuticals that have been accepted.; Trace developments in other nutraceuticals.;Correlate syndrome X states with nutraceutical remedies both as leading medicine as well as support medication within the holistic approach; Have a clear view on advantages of various approaches-say allopathy;Similarly have a clear view of disadvantages of various approaches; Map out management strategies with predefined degrees of severity; Train the participants in the art of modulating and fine tuning such strategies depending upon the case at hand; Review clinical stages of obtaining therapeutically approval for nutraceuticals,and study evolution of law in therapeutic approval. Syndrome X is a disease state which has been identified, not very long ago, along with the constellation of diseases it encompasses. The concept is an evolving one and is an all important concept. Its importance is enhanced by the fact that a large population suffers from Syndrome X symptoms and has the fear of escalating into more disease state if one particular disease state is ignored or not adequately addressed. Thus, an enhanced understanding of the holistic conceptualization of syndrome X would bring about a much better approach to treatment approaches. A conventional approach is to treat only one of the disease states within the constellation of the disease states identified under syndrome X and focus either lifestyle based or allopathy based treatment on this particular approach. This makes the healthcare system ignore several other symptoms which might be aggravating elsewhere. As and when these symptoms grow noticeable these are again taken up with either of the above appr oaches for treatment. It is widely acknowledged that the usual approach is to focus on allopathic drugs with lifestyle contributions coming only in the form of supplementary

Personal Statement for UC Application Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

For UC Application - Personal Statement Example I took pride in being part of one of the top musicals staged by my school, â€Å"The Awakening†. I also became a committee member of a few concert events. Being part of a group that brings delight and entertainment to people gave me a sense of accomplishment. Eventually, my exposure in business opened new doors for me. As I grew up, I had to temporarily leave behind my extra-curricular activities to prepare for a career. After graduation, I endeavored to get jobs that are related to Marketing. It took me a while to get a job. All along, I thought it would be easy. But during the process, I realized that it was a challenge making sales, convincing people to purchase the services that the company offered. It got to a point when I had no sales at all. That’s when I vowed to improve myself. I did self studying, reading books and getting inputs from my superiors. The efforts paid off because I was able to close deals eventually. It was a good learning experience. Shortly aft er, I worked in a Marketing Department in Lico, an interior design company in Hong Kong. As a member of the marketing staff, I still got to practice my creativity by handling advertising and marketing for the company. My sales stint allowed me to be creative in dealing with customers who have discriminating tastes. It is in this light that I decided to take further studies in Economics. A degree in Economics will equip with the necessary know how in understanding, not only business management, but also in looking at the economy from a broader perspective. I want to have a macro view of the industry vis-a-vis the country and the world economy. Having this skill would allow me to plan effectively for business expansion and growth. An economics degree would help me become more analytical and critical about business facts and figures. It will likewise provide me a chance for multitude of career options that would lead to fulfilling and challenging jobs. By the time I graduate as economi cs major, I would like to be able to have a logical approach on solutions planning and problem solving. I also want to be data-savvy, knowing how to understand trends and figures and make them my references in planning for business expansion. Strategic planning and quantitative analysis are two facets of economics that I want to master. These would definitely help me assist my Father in making our business succeed. 2. Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment, contribution or experience that is important to you. What about this quality or accomplishment makes you proud, and how does it relate to the person you are? At this point, I now understand that I can approach my dreams being whole-brained, not being limited to the left or the right; not having to choose between my creative and analytical side. I am lucky to have all these skills, and one great opportunity to put these skills into practice to benefit my family. If given the chance to take up the BS Economics Deg ree in this university, I would endeavor myself to be focused and results driven, using all my experiences to maximize opportunities. My hunger for knowledge is my best tool to succeed in this course. On top of these skills, my personal traits also complement my dream to enter the university to take up a degree in Economics. I am a highly curious person, always wanting to get into the thick of

International strategic management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International strategic management - Case Study Example The whole food market strives to have the highest variety of quality products in the market. This they do by ensuring a top selection of food suppliers who produce and maintain high standards of food production. They also ensure that these suppliers maintain a reasonable degree of social and environmental responsibility while producing the goods. Whole food since 2002 has tried to develop new individual stores to help them stock a lot of this produce (Thompson, 2010, p.1). Whole Food Market is also pursuing its goal for providing products of high quality in the market. These are healthy products free from all the preservatives and any other product that becomes genetically engineered that will reduce its quality as organic. The company strives in dominating the local market and also the international market. Whole food market stores are also developing ways of attracting customers to the store. They ensure that they maintain a conducive environment for their customers. This include t he use of ambient lighting, educational demonstrations to encourage their shopper to come back again and bring other customers to the stores. Whole food also uses a strategy of team work for their operations. The members of the staff get involved in the process of hiring new employees, developing and implementing new ideas and also encouraging members’ individual thinking, while still maintaining individual accountability for both the success and failure (Thompson, 2010, p.14). Q2 Yes, the strategy is well matched since Whole food objective is to supply their consumers with products of the highest quality. These are products that lack pesticides and other genetically engineered products that are likely to affect the consumers, community and agriculture health. The products also have a flavored taste to the benefits of consumers and as a current trend in a healthy lifestyle. In order to maintain their natural and organic food sectors, the firm's product line include nearly 300 00 natural, organic food and non food products (Thompson, 2010, p.10). The firm also provides fresh produce like meat and poultry, exceptional quality cheese, frozen foods and a selection of daily baked goods. All the meats and poultry provided are natural. The animals got raised without artificial growth hormones or the byproducts in their animals. The entire sea food is wild caught or found from the aquaculture farms. Q3. Yes, He has a strong vision for Whole Foods being an international brand not only just for organic and natural foods, but also as the best and leading food retailer in every region where the food stores are present. His vision was to see whole food set high standards for excellence in the business of food retail. His vision of marketing high quality and natural, organic foods to more customers all over would eventually transform the diets of people. This will make them live longer, healthier and happier lives. His vision sees the company’s future strategic course. It resonates what the firm wants to be, where it’s heading to and the scopes of its future. He is not planning to leave it at only the supply of natural and organic foods but also, take the entire food retail business (Thompson, 2010, p.2). The company’s motto is a compelling one. This is because it covers three most vital areas of success in the food industry. It majorly focuses on superior quality of the products getting offered it covers the

Discourse Community Essay Example for Free

Discourse Community Essay Have you ever been among people who are very much like you? That it does not matter what differences you have you all have a lot more in common. A member of 4-H constitutes a discourse community because of an agreed set of common public goals, level of membership, and something that provides information and feedback. An agreed set of public goals for our community is that as a whole group we do a lot of community service. For a couple of years my club would go to a nursing home and do different activities with the elderly. Whether it be making them sun catchers to hang in their windows or play board and card games with them. It was very surprising my first year to find out that a lot of the elderly in nursing homes never get visitors. This made me very sad. So my club took a vote and decided to keep going back month after month and building a bond with these amazing people. I loved sitting around talking with them and hearing about all the different stories each of them had to tell. Another community service my group did was that we went to different parks right as spring began and we would plant beautiful flowers for everyone to enjoy. Something we do that provides information or feedback would be putting on our fair. Not only at a county fair are there rides, carnival games, and carnival food; but also all the hard work each 4-Her has put in to the projects they have to complete to be a part of the group. There are so many different projects, from livestock to sewing to cooking to robotics to duct tape art to the shooting sports. Over the years, I have taken many projects from all areas in our project guide, but my favorite has been the self-determined projects. While having four years left in the program I really wanted to find a project that I truly loved and enjoyed doing. All my  friends had their favorite and I wanted mine, so me and mom were looking through the project guide and we found a self-determined project on American Sign Language. I was so happy because this was a great interest of mine, and something I was looking in to doing for my career. By taking this project for four years it had helped me make a final decision on what I wanted to go to college for. I was right, I have a great passion for American Sign Language and learning about the deaf community. The level of membership in 4-H does not have anything to do with your knowledge or experience. For most people like myself, we got started in 4-H at the age of five being a cloverbud. I got to go to the club meetings, participate in them, do activities with older members, and even take a project to the fair if I wanted to, but it just did not get judged. At the age of eight I became a first year 4-Her. I got to take any project(s) I wanted, and gave me a good feeling that I got to pick what I wanted to do. I took a market lamb, sewing for beginners, and cooking project. I had so much fun working with my grandma on my sewing project but learnt at the age of eight that it was not something I liked to do. I cooked with my mom and found I really enjoy to cook. Working on my market lamb with my older sister was probably the best of all my first year experiences. I never took another livestock project throughout my fifteen years in 4-H though. I could not handle sending an animal to its de ath after I had spent endless amounts of time with it. When I turned eleven I became a junior member and when I did my projects I was expected to do more with in them. As I got older in this world I took on more responsibility and helped out around the fair. I even was royalty my first year as a junior member. I had the honor of being the fairs princess in two-thousand and six. So there is where the new responsibility came from, but it was a lot of fun. I had to dress nice and look cute which was the one thing I absolutely hated, especially having to do it at fair. At the age of sixteen I became a senior member, which meant even more responsibilities and a better work ethic. When I get to judging for my projects they expected great work, completed books, that I had done all the activities in the books, and that I took a good amount of time on putting together my poster of information. As an older 4-H member I also had a lot of opportunities to do some really cool things. We as older members  put on a camp for the younger members for five days. We get to become their role models just as I once looked up to the older members when I was little. It is a really good feeling when a kid comes up to you and tells you that they think you do a good job and look up at you. My junior year of high school I thought that was going to be my last year in 4-H, because I had hopes to join the military next summer and complete training before coming to college. Once again I was royalty of our fair, this time as queen with my best childhood friend as my king. By the end of fair that year I was happy with my 4-H career and proud of everything I have done, but little did I know that I would get my real last year. I am very happy that I did get my true last year in 4-H with all the other kids I had grown up in the program. Even though there has been hard times throughout these years of being a 4-Her, I would not trade the past fifteen years of my life for anything else. 4-H is a discourse community because of all that we not only stand for but what all we do. From helping and being a part of the community around us to giving information and feedback to those that go through the program to seeing yourself grow over the years and becoming the person you want to be. So why not join a community that not only helps others but also yourself.

Business Across Borders Essay Example for Free

Business Across Borders Essay In the business world today, borders are blending and multi-national mergers are causing many company nationalities to become indistinct. As the globalization of markets rapidly increases, many companies are finding international expansion a necessity of competition. North America is greatly affected by this movement towards a global market, and many companies are finding it extremely important to adapt to other cultures. Favorable trade agreements and explosive growth of the middle class in countries once considered underdeveloped have both been important factors in the rush towards globalization. However, the most important factor in increased globalization has been technological advancements, including new transportation and information technologies. Presentation of information is more frequently processed by members of a virtual team a work group not necessarily in the same geographical location. With the proliferation of e-mail, videoconferencing, fax machine, and the telephone, virtual teaming is becoming increasingly efficient. The most considerable obstructions to successful international marketing involve misinterpretations and contrary views resulting from cultural differences. Being both aware of some of these issues and prepared to make the necessary accommodations can save companies time, effort, and a considerable amount of money. Exploring Context Context is described as the most important dimension of culture and yet is the most difficult to define. Context refers to the stimuli, environment, or ambiance surrounding an event. Communication styles and business practices as a whole are often identified with the context of a country. North American, Scandinavian, and German communicators are generally considered to be low-context cultures. They expect a high level of detail in their visua,l verbal and written communication. Low-context cultures tend to  be analytical, logical and find words and contracts very important. Individualism, freedom and personal achievement are highly valued by these cultures. High-context cultures, such as Japan, China, Arabia, tend to assume the receiver does not need much background. Information and words are not as important as what is surrounding the situation. They are more aware of a communicators status, interpersonal relationships, the setting, and ambiance when conducting business relations. In general, tradition and social customs are more important in high-context cultures. These cultures emphasize membership in organizations and groups. Because they avoid confrontation, they frown upon individual decision making and prefer consensus. Relationships In many countries personal relationships are the key to success. It is important to not expect to get down to business right away, but rather get to know a person first. In Mexico, for example, business deals are only made with friends, so one must develop a friendship with any business partner. It is considered polite to ask personal questions about family, and also to answer any questions about your family. Discussions are warm and friendly. In Japan it is unlikely to get very far without connections. Carefully chosen intermediaries are a necessity. Not only will the Japanese feel obliged to be loyal to them, but rank of ones associates will determine their status as well. A Japanese businessman will always consult within his group before making a decision. Because of their intense loyalty, ones identity is subsumed into the group. It is important to never single out a Japanese counterpart, even for praise or encouragement. Contrarily, the Spaniards have a hierarchy style of management and it is best to deal with el jefe or el pardon-the one who will be making the decision. Spaniards also will expect whomever they are dealing with to have decisions-making authority. Saving Face When dealing with Spain or most Asian cultures, it is also critical to understand the concept of saving face. Any loss of control of emotions or embarrassment is considered disastrous in business negotiations in these cultures. Honor and personal pride mean everything and they must not be insulted. Because of this attitude it is very important to carefully prepare presentations so that they are easy for the audience to understand. Paying close attention to determine if anything is misunderstood during the presentation is also a must. Because of this concept of saving face the presenter will not know if they are having difficulties. Close attention must be paid to conversations in order to discern the sincerity of what is being said. In Japan, a deal is never refused directly, and any dealings with Japanese business culture should remain indirect. Business Cards In nearly all countries, it is important that business cards be printed one side in English, and the other in their language. When presenting the card, it should be presented with their language facing the recipient. In Japan, the exchange of business cards is not to be taken lightly. When you receive the card of a Japanese businessman, be sure to make a show of examining it carefully and then making a remark about the card. Ask any questions about anything on the card which is difficult to pronounce or understand. The card should then be placed in a case or on a near by table. A card shouldnt be shoved into a pocket or be written on. Concepts of Time Time orientation is an important cultural difference that Americans must pay close attention to. In America, time is viewed as a precious commodity. Time is related with productivity, efficiency, and money. Many other countries have a much more relaxed perception of time. They take their time, and enjoy it. In Mexico you can ask if a scheduled appointment is en punto (the precise time), or mas o menos. Mas o menos appointments are often scheduled a half an hour to an hour before the actual time. With both  Mexican and Japanese cultures it is also important not to expect instant results. Plenty of time should be allowed for contemplation and decision making. In Mexico it is important to adjust any expectations regarding deadlines and efficiency. Conclusion Doing business over borders and through time zones has become commonplace in the twenty-first century. Technological advancements in communication and travel make it possible to do business across the globe almost instantaneously. Doing business with multiple cultures can be a challenging venture. International communication skills of an organization can determine success or failure. In order to interact with different cultures, it is necessary to understand the basic characteristics of the culture. This type of understanding helps to make adjustments and accommodations. We must rid our minds of pre-conceived notions, stereotypes, and prejudices. It is imperative that one be knowledgeable about such topics as: context, traditions, social rules, etc. It is equally important to possess competent listening skills and to be aware of ones own nonverbal messages. The ability to adapt to an intercultural perspective is probably one of the most crucial aspects of doing business in todays global village. Bibliography Sellin, Robert H. J and Elaine Winters. Cultural Issues in Business Communication. Berkeley: Program Facilitating and Consulting, 2000. Guffey, Mary Ellen. Business Communication: Process and Product, 4th ed. Mason, Ohio: South-Western, 2003 Etiquette and Local Customs. The Travelers Yellow Pages Online. http://www.infoservices.com/stpete/342.htm. InfoServices International, Inc., 2002 What to Know Before Negotiting Execitive Planet.com. http://www.executiveplanet.com/business-culture.html.

Function And Production Of Insulin

Function And Production Of Insulin Insulin is a protein produced by islet cells in the pancreas. Insulin helps human body regulate glucose in the body. Insulin reduces the use of fats as energy (gluconeogenesis) by utilizing glucose to produce energy. Patient with diabetes require insulin to keep the blood glucose levels under control. (1) The first successful insulin was produced from ox pancreas (bovine insulin). Bovine insulin is similar to human insulin however bovine chemical composition is slightly different hence the body immune system produces antibody to reject bovine insulin. (4) Identical human insulin was produced by recombinant DNA technology, by inserting the insulin gene into a vector to produce human insulin. Production of human insulin by recombinant technology was accomplished and commercialized in 1982 by Genentech and Eli Lilly. (2) Function Carbohydrates consumed are broken down into glucose which then resides in the bloodstreams. This causes the body blood glucose (BBG) level to rise. The pancreas senses the rise in BBG level therefore, secretes insulin into the bloodstreams. The cell will absorb the released insulin and bind to it. Cells that are attached with insulin are able to absorb glucose from the bloodstream and turned it into energy. This energy is vital for new cell growth and repairing damage cells. The main function of insulin is to move glucose from the bloodstream into the body cells and convert glucose into energy. (3) Chosen Host Escherichia coli (E. coli) E. coli was used as a host to produce recombinant insulin since 1982. E. coli was widely used as host for the production of recombinant insulin because it was well studied, many vectors available and good characteristic. (5) E. coli advantages and suitability for producing insulin. (6) Fast growth rate e.g. able to reach optimal yield within hours of induction. Economical to grow and undemanding growth conditions. Good protein production rate. Can be frozen for storage and thawed immediately for usage. Cellular structure E. coli is a rod-shaped bacterium measuring 1.8 microns in length and 0.8 microns in width. E. coli consist of: (7) Inner and outer cell membrane Cell wall Periplasm Flagella Pili Cytoplasm Chromosome The two main structures are cytoplasm and periplasm, where the production of recombinant insulin usually takes place. (5) Structure Details and functions Cytoplasm (7) The cytoplasm contains most of the major component such as chromosomal DNA, RNA, nucleoid and ribosome. Cytoplasm provides support for the internal structure and provides a medium of suspension. Metabolic reaction and protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm. Periplasm (7) The periplasm is about 10nm thick. Located between the inner and outer membrane. Periplasm contains 80,000 proteins essential for nutrient binding, enzyme detoxifying and degradative and electron transport. Growth strategy for the production process Insulin is produce through genetic engineering. Firstly the gene producing human insulin is isolated and copied. A circular shape DNA (plasmid) is removed from the bacterium cell, and then using special proteins to cut open the plasmid ring. The insulin gene is inserted into the open plasmid ring and closed again using special proteins hence the human insulin gene is now combined with the bacterium DNA plasmid. The recombinant plasmid is then inserted into the bacteria cytoplasm using a very small needle syringe. (8) High level protein production often leads to formation of inclusion bodies which accumulated through protein folding. (5) The chain approach method was used to produce human insulin in recombinant E. coli. Two different expression vectors were constructed carrying either insulin A- or B-chain gene fused to a shortened and inactive É £-interferon gene allowing a stable cytoplasmic production of recombinant insulin in E. coli in the form of inclusion bodies. (2) Recovery of biologically active insulin from inclusion bodies has some advantages for example inclusion bodies accumulates protein in the cytoplasm to a much higher level, inclusion body could initially be isolated in a purified and concentrated state with just centrifugation process and final insulin concentration in E. coli can be increased significantly by high cell density culture (HCDC). (5) The HCDC technique was used to grow recombinant E. coli in a two stage cyclic fed batch bioreactor. After the expression system is developed, HCDC is carried out using synthetic medium with glucose as the sole carbon source to increase the recombinant protein concentration. (5) The induction of recombinant protein production was carried out by a temperature à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬shift from 30 to 42oC. Expressions of the A- and B-chain genes are controlled using a strong promoter (bacteriopage lambda) therefore, protein are produce efficiently by temperature shift. (2) The first step of purification to obtain human insulin was to centrifuge the solution to isolate the inclusion body. The inclusion bodies were then recovered from the centrifuge continued by dissolving the inclusion bodies using formic acid. Then use cyanogens bromide to cleave the peptide bond by hydrolysing the peptide bond for separation of insulin from the fusion protein partner. Finally the conversion to human insulin is performed by proteolytic removal of the connecting C-peptide and disulfide link. (2) The maximum productivity is achieved when the growth and production phase are separated hence a two stage cyclic fed batch bioreactor is used. The first stage is use to grow the cell to an optimum cell density followed by the second stage where the growth is suppressed by chemical and production of protein is maximize. (5) The cyclic fed batch is used to ensure that toxins and biomass do not accumulate, extend the productive phase, control the growth rate and optimize the product synthesis. (9) The by-product produced from the process was monomeric and multimeric forms of A- and B-chain connected by incorrect disulfide bridges. These by-products are collected too undergo sulfitolysis for recycling purposes. (2) How to analyse the growth process Off-line analysis methods were used to analyse the growth process. Samples were taken from the process every 30minute to be used to determine the optical density600, dry cell weight, dissolved oxygen tension and concentration of glucose. Result from the test are compiled and plotted in graphs therefore the growth process could be analysed. (2) Possible problems and solution The major problem in production of insulin by recombinant E. coli is the rapid intracellular degradation of the recombinant protein. Insulin is then produced as a fusion protein with a protein partner that would direct the recombinant gene product towards the formation of inclusion bodies. (2) Proteolytic degradation and over expressing protein can destabilize the protein hence protein are produced in the form of inclusion bodies which are complicated and expensive denaturing and refolding process during the downstream processing. To overcome this problem, recombinant protein could be targeted at the periplasm instead of the cytoplasm hence avoided formation of inclusion body. (5) In the process HCDC would cause several problems for example the limitation of dissolved oxygen due to high cell density and off gas accumulation which reduces the growth rate and enhance formation of acetate acid. The use of different promoters to regulate the level of expression and use of oxygen enriched air would minimize the problem. (5) During the HCDC process, overproduction of recombinant proteins often results in cell filamentation and stagnant growth. The filamentation of cells consequently lowers productivity and final cell concentration. The problem could be overcome by suppressing the cell filamentation, by co-expressing the E.coli ftsA and ftsZ genes. (5) Escherichia coli limitations E. coli is not appropriate to produce large and complex proteins which contain disulfide bonds or protein that require post translation modification. (5) Acetic acid is produce by E. coli when glucose is used as a carbon source. (5) Secretion of protein by E. coli is a complex process often fails due to incomplete translocation across the membrane and insufficient capacity of the export machinery.(10)

Should Adopted Children Be Allowed To Locate Their Biological Parents? :: essays research papers

Should Adopted Children Be Allowed To Locate Their Biological Parents?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A touchy topic these days is whether or not the option should be open for adopted children to be able to locate their biological parents. There are some many circumstances for each different case that it is hard to know where exactly I stand on this topic. Over all, I do not think that you should locate your biological parents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many reasons for this. For one thing, learning information on the person who gave you up is a long drawn out process. It can be very emotionally painful, as well. For whatever reason you were given up for adoption; death, financial problems, to young, etc it ¹s private information and should remain that way. The decision was made a long time ago because it was the best one at that time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Think about the birth parents involved. What happens after you spend a few months or more of your life trying to locate these people only to have a door shut in your face? How would you feel if that were to happen? The chances of this happening are pretty good. Yes, there are happy reunions on talk shows that turn out for the better, but that is not always the reality. These people gave up their birth rights many years ago and should not go back on that. They have moved on with their lives and might not want to be reminded what could have been. So many hurt feelings and feelings of guilt could come flying back and then put more of a burden on both of your lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is another factor to think about in this situation. How is your family suppose to react to this and how are they supposed to feel? This is the loving family that took you in as there own for all these years, are they

The Ethics of Terraformation Essay -- Space Technology Science Essays

The Ethics of Terraformation What is Terraformation? The point of terraforming is to change an uninhabitable terrestrial planet into one that can support human life on the surface. Terraforming is a massive undertaking, and it involves altering a whole planet's climate, geology, and life. It entails the destruction of land masses and geological features billions of years old, elevating the global temperature, and flooding the surface with vast oceans. The most relevant to this discussion is the releasing of thousands of species from another planet to live and breed, altering the atmospheric makeup with every breath. [1] Ever since terraformation was imagined years ago, people began to ask if it was ethical. Changing a whole planet to fit our desires seemed like a religious authority that doesn’t fit in the hands of humans. Science has developed since then and with it, changes in bioengineering. We are "playing God" to a degree that not even science fiction could imagine. But have we actually changed? We read in the news or see on the television everyday about parties of environmental protesters lobbying for protection of natural resources or preservation of our national parks. The majority of the public believes that our environment requires our immediate attention.[2] On Mars it will be the same. There will be individuals who are pro-terraforming and those who are against it. There will be extremists and neutralists. In Red Mars, by Kim Stanley Robinson, the sides are designated by colors. "Greens", or terraforming supporters, are in constant conflict with the "Reds".[3] These have become the most common terms for describing people involved in terraformation debates. Why Mars? People have been captivated wit... .... [6] Hamilton [7] Hamilton [8] Hamilton [9] Hamilton [10] NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Mars Exploration Rover Mission, 2004, California Institute of Technology, 10 Feb. 2004, <http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/press/spirit/20040112a.html > [11] NASA. [12] NASA. [13] Graham. [14] Graham [15] Graham [16] Moore [17] DeVincenzi, D. L., P. Stabekis, and J. Barengoltz, Refinement of Planetary Protection Policy for Mars Missions, Adv. Space Res., 1996 Vol. 18, No. 1 <http://library.thinkquest.org/11967/ppp4m.html?tqskip1=1> [18] DeVincenzi [19] Terraforming Mars, 2002, Science Forum, 13 Feb. 2004, <http://www.sciencegroups.com/viewtopic.php?t=9915> [20] Barbour, Ian G., Ethics is an Age of Technology, (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1991) 66. [21] Barbour, 64. [22] Barbour, 69. [23] Barbour, 79.

Database Project Ideas Sql Server Essay

Project Proposal: This document suggests a few projects that’ll be interesting enough to work on, it will surely be a vast learning experience for me. 1 – E-School Management System E-School Management System is a web-based School Management application. It will design for better interaction between students, teachers, parents & management. The main purpose of building this application is, the parents of students are very busy now days, so they can’t monitor their children and them activities properly and regularly. This E-School management system helps the parents monitor their children from anywhere. They can check their children’s academic performance from a remote location. 2 – Hospital Management System Hospital Management System project is to provide better hospital management services to both the doctors as well as patients. This Java based Hospital Management System will store all patients record and doctors details and it view patients bill. It can be used in any Hospital, Clinic, Polyclinic or Pathology labs for maintaining patient details and their test results. 3 – Central Library Management System The Central Library Management System project is developed to store record. The aim of the research work is to develop the system for issuing books to students, teachers, add books, issue books, and return books, Fine calculation. 4 – Office Management System The software Office Management Systems objective is to provide a system which manages the office activities using a computer within a fraction of seconds. The software stores all the important data’s like a manual file keeping system through a database. This automated system is user friendly and error free. Paper work and manual power can be reduced using this automated system. 5 – Hostel Management system Hostel Management system is the system that manages the student data, staff data, students admission process and create receipt for the fees paid by the student who stay in the hostel and also help in maintaining visitor’s messages. Though BSE 3D is still at the very beginning of its exposure to the database environment, I’ll try my level best to overcome the hurdles and present a best developed project. FA12-BSE-177 Aimal Khan Note: The project ideas that are mentioned above are taken from http://www.freestudentprojects.com/

Liesel

Melange was a brave young girl who developed Into a kind, respected young woman. Elise will always be remembered as a determined woman. Lease's life was t cough, but during those times, she discovered herself. Less lost her family at a young age. Her mother was unable to care for her, as a result Else was sent to foster parents, Hans and Ross a Hibernate, to care for her.Else grew up In a difficult time period, World War II, her foster parents aided her as much as they could and tried their best to raise her as their own. She grew up on Hi Mel Street in Mulching, Germany. She often played with the neighborhood children and they all enjoyed the game of soccer. The neighborhood games was where Elise met her best friend, Rudy Steiner. Rudy Steiner and Lies Engineer created a very special bond. Rudy deseed irately loved Lies, but Lies only cared for him as a friend.Lies and Rudy not only played Soc ere, but they also stole. The two were known to steal apples from farmers. Elise was a sma rt and talented girl. She was determined and if she set her mind on something, she would get it done. Lies was given no educational attention till she w as nearly ten years old, but she made a mission to learn to read and write. It took time but she soon was one of the best readers in her class. Less Melange faced many difficult times In her life.She lost many people In her life ND Less was once faced with bearing the secret that a Jew was living In her basemen NT(he later had to leave do to safety Issues). When Less was a young girl Germany was beginning Eng to be bombed by the Allies, during the bombings, Helmet Street was hit, all of Leases neigh hobos, friends. And even her foster parents were killed in the bombing, but Lies survived d u to the fact that she was in her basement sleeping after a long night of writing. After the bombing Lies lived with the mayor and his wife. Lies lived a long happy

What is most valued in modern day society?

What does an American civilian think is more important; being their own person or fitting in with everyone else? It seems as if the modern day American residents want to fit into a criteria that â€Å"everybody else is doing it† you can tell based on the products they purchase, or the actions they take. We can tell Americans care about conformity more than being their own person because of the present day products. 7% percent f teenagers already have an ‘phone while 62% percent of teenagers say they are going to purchase an Apple ‘phone for their next phone. 51% said they already owned an apple product such as an pod, pad, or Mac. (philanderer. Com) If 47% of teens own an ‘phone that only leaves 53% to the other smartness. More people have an ‘phone than any other smartened. This is a perfect example of conformity in America, everyone wants the latest and greatest. Products do not stop at electronics, brand name clothing and accessories.Many of these pr oducts are Just as ell made as other non-brand name products but because of the label on the merchandise not only does the demand go up, but so does the price because there is knowledge that the brand name will bring in more customers. Products are not the only thing that proves that modern day Americans care more about conformity more than being an individual based on their actions. People in this country will change almost anything about themselves to â€Å"fit in† from their hair, their make up, their clothing to what they put into their bodies. Tobacco usage, for instance.Young people are more likely to smoke tobacco if their peers smoke or if they see tobacco usage as a social normality. â€Å"Each day in the United States, more than 3,200 people younger than 18 years of age smoke their first cigarette, and an estimated 2,100 youth and young adults who have been occasional smokers become daily cigarette smokers† (Youth and Tobacco Use) If there was no social influ ence on tobacco then why would people start smoking it? With all the knowledge we know today about how armful tobacco is to a person's body, why would someone go out of their way to spend money on cigarettes?Tobacco is a perfect example of conformity being valued more than individuality. All in all the products purchased and the actions taken by present day Americans clearly show that Americans value conformity more than individuality. Conformity is not always a bad thing, sometimes a person might enjoy fitting in' somewhere or feeling like they belong. It can be difficult sometimes to be an individual when it feels like the whole world has another idea of how things should be.

Move and Position Individuals in Accordance Essay

Learning outcomes: There are six learning outcomes to this unit- 1. Understand anatomy and physiology in relation to moving and positioning individuals 2. Understand current legislation and agreed ways of working when moving and positioning individuals 3. Be able to minimise risk before moving and positioning individuals 4. Be able to prepare individuals before moving and positioning 5. Be able to move and position an individual 6. Know when to seek advice from and/or involve others when moving and positioning an individual Question- (1.1) Outline the anatomy and physiology of the human body in relation to the importance of correct moving and positioning of individuals Answer: The study of the human body is divided into two sections called anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of the structure or parts that make up the body, whilst the physiology is concerned with their function of cells, tissues and organs of the living organism. The anatomy and physiology of the human body explains that muscles are attached to the skeleton. They work like hinges or levers to pull or move particular joints when a muscle contracts, pulling the joint in the direction it is designed to move. Parts of muscles move antagonistically, that is, when one contracts, its opposite member relaxes to allow movement. Muscles can become slack, making movement slower and more difficult because increasing age and less use of the muscles. (1.1) (Continued) The brain give command in order for the muscles to move. Single nerve cells in the spinal column called motor neurons form a long very thin extension of the single cell, called an axon. When an impulse travels down the axon to the muscle, a chemical is released at its ending. Muscles are made of long fibres connected to each other lengthways by a ratchet mechanism that allows the two parts of an extension ladder to slide past each other, overlapping each other more, so that the muscles get shorter and fatter. When the impulses from the nerves stop, the muscle fibres slide back to their original position. In relation to the importance of correct moving and positioning activities, it makes the muscles not to be fractured. Correct moving and handling or positioning will make the muscles not to strain or sprain. The individual and carers will not experience pains and discomfort. For example, the elbow and knee joints have limited movement; trying to extend these joints beyond their range can cause painful damage to the joint. Also need to understand that elderly people are not as supple as younger people and even if they do not suffer movement restriction through a medical condition. They bruise easier too and so great care has to be taken when handling, moving and positioning them especially when assisting them to sit up or when using the hoist strap. Failure to follow the care plan and any presenting conditions can lead to causing the individual injury, pain and discomfort. It may also lead to legal action being raised. Question- (1.2) Describe the impact of specific conditions on the correct movement and positioning of an individual Answer: There are a number of conditions that can impact on moving and positioning of individuals, these include arthritis, Parkinson’s disease, cerebral palsy,  stroke and amputation of limbs. Below are some of the problems that may occur with such conditions. Arthritis – Arthritis suffers will often have stiff and painful joints and frequently a limited range of movement within the affected area. Parkinson’s disease – Parkinson’s suffers may have limb rigidity and slower reaction times. Cerebral palsy – Cerebral palsy suffers may have contracted muscles and/or joints that may lead to rigid limbs. Stroke – Stroke can lead to a permanent weakening down one side of the body, for instance one arm or leg stronger than the other. This needs to be taken into account when weight bearing or moving as to avoid putting unnecessary pressure on the weak side. Amputees – Loss of a limb, be it either upper or lower can affect people ability to mov e independently so care must be taken to when moving people with amputated limbs. Support worker communication is very important in order to correctly moving and positioning the service user with any of the above condition. Question- (2.1) Describe how current legislation and agreed ways of working affect working practices related to moving and positioning individuals Answer: Legislation that is relevant includes the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations which introduced the requirement for risk assessment, risks when moving and positioning individuals must be assessed, acted on and reviewed. Also all staff must be trained in moving and positioning individuals. The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER) introduced the requirement for employers to provide lifting equipment that is safe to use and maintained and staff must also be provided with training. The Manual handling Operations Regulations for employer states that they must carry out risk assessments for all moves and reduce the risk of injuries from happening and avoid dangerous moving and handling. The employees’ responsibilities include using all equipment as trained to do so, follow all health and safety working practices and avoid putting themselves or other staff, Individuals or visitors at risk, reporting any hazards or risks to their employer. Agreed ways of working mean that employers must have workplace policies and procedures for moving and handling; these must be explained to staff and staff provided with training and supervision. It is also important that all employees, read these  procedures, if they do not understand ask, that they attend training, are supported with understanding all individuals’ needs, the moves needed and all equipment being used. Question- (2.2) Describe what health and safety factors need to be taken into account when moving and positioning individuals and any equipment used to do this Answer: I would only move a person if I have been trained to do so. I would check the persons care plan to see if the person has any preferences or needs before performing the move. I would wear appropriate foot wear when I move a person to avoid risk of being harmed e.g. when using a hoist I must not wear open shoes or saddles. I also do a manual risk assessment before performing any move. I do not use any equipment that I have not been trained to use and I check I have room to carry out the move. Equipment needs to be checked that it is working correctly e.g. hoist is charged/equipment is clean and not damaged. Infection control is important and wearing PPE. I would ask the persons agreement before the move and make sure I’m using correct equipment e.g. the correct sling for the person and that it is safe to use and clean. When finished with sling I would store it safely away to avoid accidents or it being used on someone else. Question- (3.3) Identify any immediate risks to the individual Answer: Risks can occur every day which is why it is important to always check to identify the risks straight away and try to correct it weather it is the wires are hanging down on the bed which could be a risk if the hoist gets trapped on them, or even if the sling you are using has a tear in the seam. No matter how small the risk is if you don’t correct it straight away it could lead to a massive risk. You should also have a risk assessment in place which may need to be changed. Question- (3.4) Describe actions to take in relation to identified risks Answer: When I come across risks before moving and positioning an individual my actions will depend on what they are. If there are risks in the environment from hazards that I can move like an item on the floor then I will do so with the individual’s agreement but if there is a risk in terms of the equipment I’m using if it is faulty or from the individual it may be that I think they are unwell or a I see a change in their behaviour then I would not carry out the move but first would report the risks to my line manager and seek advice. The equipment if faulty is removed from the immediate area and an out of order sign placed on it until it is replaced to make others aware that it is not working or safe to use. If procedures are not followed correctly then there is a greater risk to everyone involved client, care staff and family. Injuries can result due to poor practise by not following the care plan or using lifting equipment incorrectly. Clients can be traumatised by poor and lose confidence in their own abilities and the abilities of the care team. Question- (3.5) Describe what action should be taken if the individual’s wishes conflict with their plan of care in relation to health and safety and their risk assessment Answer: Sometimes workplace policies and procedures in relation to moving and handling may conï ¬â€šict with someone’s wishes. For example, some workplaces have adopted ‘no-lifting’ policies which mean that hoists are used for all people – but what if a person does not want to be hoisted? If dealt with incorrectly, this could leave people feeling unvalued, humiliated, distressed and degraded. You could also ï ¬ nd yourself in trouble, because the reason’s basic human rights may have been violated. In order to prevent the conflicts it is my responsibilities to explain their service user what their care plan and risk assessment says, the risks involved and my responsibilities and duty is to only follow the care plan. If the individual still insisted then I would explain that I would need to report this to my line manager. I must also record the risks, the date I identified these and the actions I take. The main reason for allowing the service user to take risk sometimes a person condition can changes and their mobility can improve as well as deteriorate. As the conflicts will be reported to the manager and the service user is notified by me (support worker) of the risks associated with their action. If the person wants to do more for themselves, I should encourage this, but also be aware of their limitations – are they trying to do too much too soon? If the person refuses to be moved or turned, I should encourage them to move as much as possible by themselves. Question- (5.3) Describe the aids and equipment that may be used for moving and positioning Answer: There are different aids and equipment that you can use to move and handle service user in moving and positioning. Hoists and slings these are used to move individuals who cannot move themselves from one position to another and the slings come in different sizes and types depending on the height and weight of the individual. Slide boards are used for people who are quite independent and who just need a little support with moving for example from their bed to a chair or from a chair back to their bed. Lifting handles are used with some individuals to can help them to sit up in bed independently; they hold onto to these to move themselves. Handling belts are used when an individual might be a little unsteady when getting up and so by holding onto the handles on the belt you can help steady the person so that they don’t fall over. There also grab handles placed in individuals ‘bathrooms for individuals to be independent when standing up, walking frames with and without wheels can also help individuals move themselves independently. Question- (6.1) Describe when advice and/or assistance should be sought to move or handle an individual safely Answer: There should be suï ¬Æ'cient information provided in a person’s moving and risk assessment and mobility support plan regarding the number of people required to safely move or handle somebody safely, along with the equipment that is needed and the best techniques to use. However, there may be occasions when further advice and/or assistance will be required, such as when: When the  manoeuvre is difficult and risky to the health and safety of both the individual and the carer as this is against the law and can cause injury When the wrong equipment is available When the equipment is faulty again against the law and can cause injuries When the individual’s care plan indicates that two carers have to assist with a specific manoeuvre and no-one is available When the carer is not sure how to complete the tasks or use the equipment When the individual asks you to carry out the manoeuvre that is outside of the care plan and that may harm them or the carer as we are not allowed to go outside the care plan this will be unsafe for the carers and individual I have not received training for moving and handling equipment. When there is an emergency Question- (6.2) Describe what sources of information are available about moving and positioning individuals Answer: There are lots of different sources of information; in my workplace the moving and handling procedures and guidelines about the correct practices to follow, individuals’ risk assessment and care plans about their needs and practices agreed to follow – the individuals and their families can also help with what they find useful. I can also ask my colleagues and manager for information and advice. Sometimes we can also ask other health care professionals such as physiotherapists and moving and handling specialist specific questions or advice about issues – training courses and information leaflets are also useful.

Cause and Consequences of urbanization in Scotland Essay Example for Free

Cause and Consequences of urbanization in Scotland Essay This essay will explore relevant cause and consequences of urbanisation in Scotland from 1700-1860. A dictionary-defined term would be â€Å"the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban.†(1. 30/08/2005). Scotland went through huge political and economical changes from the 1700’s onwards. The country went from being a rural, agricultural society with an estimated population of 1.2 million in 1755, to being urbanised, with the population rising to over 2.6 million in 1841(Lenman, p281, 2001). This figure is what makes the urbanisation of Scotland so interesting. What were the main factors that caused the population to grow so rapidly? The expansion of population over such a short period and the social changes that occurred with this. The great Agrarian and Industrial revolutions had a major part’s to play in the urbanisation of Scotland and this essay will show some enlightenment on why it was so profoundly noticeable in Scotland. Another point that will be investigated is the consequences of urbanisation, how the country ultimately became a modern capitalised country from its rural beginnings. Before and up until 1750, Scotland was very much a feudalistic country. Lords rented tenants enough land for them to produce food to survive. In return, the tenant would have to labour the Lord’s land as well as his own. The Landlord would reap the benefits, the tenant would survive, and as the majority of the people depended on the land as their lively-hood, it was a means to survival. As Devine states,_† In 1750 only one Scot in eight lived in a town (population of 4000 or over) and there was only four towns with more than 10000 inhabitants†_ (Devine, 1999, p125). This shows the enormity of Scots who were living in rural communities, with the main labour being in agriculture, weaving and fishing. The changes to agriculture began with those known as the improvers, whose main outlook was to modernise the way the land was cultivated. As the population of the country began to accelerate quickly, the improvers were looking to produce mass food instead of the old way of cultivation. During the period between 1790-1840 new farming equipment was introduced and the land that was formally cultivated  using the â€Å"infield-outfield and rug and furrow method† was improved by enclosing the land into fields making it more productive for crops and for livestock Crop rotations were also introduced which was making use of the land at all times. The introduction of single tenant farming as opposed to ferm-touns meant the beginning of the clearances, as well as agricultural tools becoming more efficient. The introduction of threshing machines reduced manual labour and â€Å"the Small’s plough – a two horse plough replaced the Scot’s plough which required a team of oxen and horses† (Devine, 1998, p138). These new ideas did create more food but they also left people homeless and jobless, as there was less labour needed, which left people no choice but to move on into the towns and cities where industry had began creating jobs. The growth of the towns and cities were intricately linked with the agrarian revolution as the mass population relied on the land for the food it produced. The other main point that Devine makes is that as the agricultural market started to accelerate, the need for exchange centres that provided legal, commerce and financial facilities for the rural communities became more prominent, so several towns including Perth, Ayr and Dumfries became the provider of these services. This again contributed to expansion of towns, as people were required to work and live in the towns to facilitate these positions (Devine 1998, p32) Therefore, we can gather that three major changes occurred at the same time and they contributed towards urbanisation in Scotland: The agrarian revolution along with the population growth, and the expansion of the manufacturing industry. _Urbanisation could not have taken place without a substantial increase in food production to sustain the needs of those who did not cultivate their own food supplies. At the same time, agrarian productivity had to improve in order to release a growing proportion of the population for non-agricultural tasks in towns and cities._ (Devine, 1998, p32) Along with theses changes the manufacturing industry began to grow rapidly. Scotland was a major player in the transatlantic trading industry and due to its geographical position, it was booming in the tobacco trade and it would go on to prosper in cotton and linen too. Scotland’s Geographical position at this time was very important as it is situated between the Atlantic and Europe, which meant trading from one to the other, was very successful. The two major factor’s of the Industrial Revolution were, the textile industry and the productivity of the steam engine, which was revolutionised by James Watt in 1769 (Watt James online, 2005). Textiles factories and coalmines could produce more goods and they did not need to be near a water source in order to run. Due to this, the larger towns and cities began to grow rapidly. _Greenock in 1700 had a population of 2000 and by 1831 it had rose to 27500._ _Glasgow went from 31700 to 147000._ _Kilmarnock went from 4400 to 12700_ _Falkirk went from 3900 to 11500. All within the time period from 1740-1850 (Devine 1998, p35)_ The population growth over the short period is the most significant point here as this is what made urbanisation in Scotland different. There are many different factors that affected the population growth but some are more significant than others are. Irish Immigration was very prominent and the migration of people from the rural areas had a major impact. For example:_† The majority of the migrants were young adults more concentrated in the marriageable and childbearing age groups than were the native inhabitants. High Migration because of its age composition was therefore likely to fuel natural increase in the urban areas_†.(Devine 1998,p41) At the same time the  highlanders were leaving the land either through force as the lord’s applied the new cultivation techniques to the land or through choice. The majority chose to immigrate to America; this did not affect the population growth as many Irish migrants were coming to Scotland looking for employment in the bo oming industries. â€Å"_Urbanisation meant more jobs, a wider diversity of social contacts and infinitely greater colour and excitement in the lives of the masses_† (Devine 1998 p43) Mortality rates demonstrate their huge impact on population growth too. It has been suggested that lower death rates, through natural immunity to disease highly contributed to urbanisation, as in the early 1800’s the death rate had fallen to 25 per 1000. This suggests that natural immunity and high levels of unemployment accelerated the population growth (Devine, 1998, p48). The effect of industrialisation was economically good for the country, but with it came poverty. The majority of the working class lived in overcrowded housing areas known as slums with no sanitation, and were rife with disease. As Devine argues, during periods of industrial recession when employment had slumped, there were also periods of disease epidemic. These began in 1817-1820(Typhoid), 1826-27(Typhoid) and in 1830-1832, a cholera epidemic that wiped out 10000 people. Periods of recession run parallel, the first being 1816-1818, 1825 and then 1836 (Devine, 1999, p168). In 1839, Death rates rose to 29 per 1000. People were forced to live in abominable living conditions with huge sanitations problems, the towns and cities could not cope with the urban growth and disease was the outcome. Overcrowded, sub-divided housing was a problematic issue in all the major Towns and Cities, especially in Glasgow. _†I did not believe until I visited Glasgow, that so large an amount of filt h, crime, misery and disease existed in one spot in any one civilised country† (_Butt J, 1987 p41-42). People were customised to living in filthy dark, damp squalid conditions amongst disease. As the periods of recession were leaving thousands out of work in a state of poverty, the poor law amendment act was passed in 1845, which replaced the old poor relief laws of the parishes taking responsibly for the  poor. The new law allowed a claim to be made under supervision of a board of examiners, it came in the form of indoor relief, which would be admission to a poorhouse if subject had lost the ability to work, and outdoor relief, which was for short-term illness, and this may have been in the form of payment or medicine. It could be argued that the industrial revolution was the birth of the working class and capitalism in this country. Those who owned the factories and docks made a great profit and a middle class lifestyle was adopted. This could be said to be the division of the classes, with the help of the industrial revolution, people developed a â€Å"working† class or â €Å"middle† class attitude, In conclusion, the evidence points out that several major factors occurred that accelerated the urban growth of the nation. The Agrarian revolution started the mass migrating and the industrial revolution provided the work force in order for capitalism to evolve. The consequences of urbanisation were overwhelming, yes the economy did thrive, but at what cost to the working class people, death, disease and misery. Cause and Consequences of urbanization in Scotland. (2016, Jul 18). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you