Pakistan Studies Free Essays

B. 2 Natural Resources – An Issue of Sustainability d)_Fish (Syllabus 2011) d)_Fish Candidates should be able to †¢ describe the fishing methods used in both marine and inland waters, including fish farms, †¢ give examples of the fish caught in both marine inland waters of the fish reared on fish farms, †¢ give examples of the fishing ports on both the Balochistan and Sindh coasts, †¢ describe the uses of the fish caught. explain improvements in fishing methods and processing techniques †¢ understand the problems facing the fishing industry and evaluate the possibilities for its further development and sustainability ____________________________________________________________________________ Question: 2 (May / June 2000) (d) (i) For marine fishing name the main catch and the most important export market for the catch. We will write a custom essay sample on Pakistan Studies or any similar topic only for you Order Now [2] (ii) For inland fishing state where and why fish are caught. [5] Question: 2(October / November 2002) (a) Study the following. Fish Group 1 – crab, lobster, prawns (jhinga), sardines, shark Group 2 – hila, mahseer, palla, trout Group 3 – herring, mackerel, sardines, shark Fishing Areas A – inland fisheries (freshwater) B – Makran (Balochistan) Coast C – Indus Delta (Sindh) Coast (i) In which fishing area are the fish in group 1 caught? [1] (ii) In which fishing area are the fish in group 2 caught? [1] (iii) Describe the fishing industry of the Makran Coast with reference to methods of catching the fish, ports and the uses of the fish caught. [6] (iv) Increasingly fish are obtained from fish farms. Describe this method of producing fish. 4] (v) Why are fish so plentiful in the mangroves of the Indus Delta Coast? [4] Question: 4(October / November 2003) (b) (i) State and explain the main functions of the ports on the Balochistan coast. [5] (ii) Why are the ports in Balochistan small? [4] Question: 3 (May / June 2004) (a) Study Photograph (opposite) which shows part of a fish farm at Faiz, south of Multan. (i) Describe the lay-out and fea tures of the fish farm. [4] (ii) How has the physical topography of the area made it easy to construct the ponds? [3] (iii) Where has the material come from that has been used to make the banks of the ponds? 1] (b) Why is fish farming of growing importance in Pakistan? Credit will be given if you name a species of fresh water fish reared on fish farms. [4] Question: 1 (May / June 2005) (b) (iii) The area of mangrove forest has decreased in size in recent years. How and why has this affected the local fisheries? [2] Question: 4 (May / June 2008) (a) (i) Name two fishing ports on the coast of Balochistan. [2] (ii) Name two types of marine fish caught by fishermen. [2] (iii) Describe subsistence fishing methods. [3] (iv) Explain how these methods can be improved to make fishing commercial. 4] (b) (i) How can fish be stored and processed onshore? [3] (ii) Why is fish processing called ‘value-added’? [1] (iii) How does the poor infrastructure of Balochistan make development of the Fishing industry difficult? [4] (c) Study Fig. (opposite), a graph comparing the production of marine and inland fisheries in Pakistan. (i) Compare the changes shown in the graph. [3] (ii) Explain why more people are employed in inland fisheries than marine fishing. [3] Question: 2(October / November 2008) (c) (ii) Explain how industries can pollute river and sea water. 4] (iii) Explain how this pollution affects fishing. [3] Question: 1(October / November 2010) (b) Study Fig. (opposite), which shows the weight of marine fish caught 1996–2006. The weight of fish caught in 2006 was less than in 1996. (i) Suggest two reasons for this decrease. [2] (ii) Describe how the weight of fish caught changed in the years between 1996 and 2006. [3] (c) Describe how marine fishing methods can be improved. [5] (d) Study Fig. (opposite). With reference to Fig. (opposite), explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing the fishing industry in Pakistan. [6] How to cite Pakistan Studies, Essay examples

Analyzing Literature Reviews Of Value Creation †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Analyzing Literature Reviews Of Value Creation. Answer: Introduction The primary objective of a business organization is to create value for the customers. Value creation helps the organization to sell products as well as services to the customers and create value for the shareholders (Austin and Seitanidi 2012). It creates value for the shareholders as the price of the stock increases and insures future availability of capital in order to help in the funding of operations. According to financial perspective, a business is said to create value by earning revenue over its expenses. This is considered to be a traditional concept. This traditional concept is no longer valid in the present generation. Value creation in the present generation is based on intangible drivers such as people, idea, brand and innovation. This report discusses about the concept of value creation in details by analyzing literature reviews. It critically analyzes the theoretical background of the concept of value and gives a proper description of value creation. It gives an overview of the value creation spheres. It discusses about the roles played by the service providers and customers in creating value. This report also discusses how brand communities on social media will help in creating value. This report explains the process of value creation along with value outcomes. Literature Review Theoretical background According to Gronroos and Voima (2013), value is considered to be an elusive concept. In the recent times, the concept of value has become more experimental. Value creation can be considered to be a process that aims at increasing the well being of the customers. According to Standvik, Holmlund and Edvardsson (2012), independent services and products do not create value for the customers. There can be incidents where the products that are sold by the company have good quality and features. But the service providers do not behave in a proper manner. In this type of situation value is not created. Interrelationship between products and services determine the value that is created. Customers do not simply focus on the economic and functional benefits. They also focus on other dimensions like social, emotional, environmental and ethical dimensions. Laroche et al. (2012), social networking websites can be used for creating brand community that will play a positive role in creating values for the customers. According to Acharya et al. (2012), LBOs or leveraged buyouts have the ability to create value through powerful incentives and high leverage. Gummerus (2013) explained the value can be created by gaining competitive advantage. Innovation plays a significant role in creating value for the customers (Chemmanur, Loutskina and Tian 2014). Innovation helps organizations to gain competitive advantage and economic growth over a long period. Value Creation Value can be created by the combined actions of the customer as well as the service provider (Gronroos and Voima 2013). Earlier only product oriented dimensions were considered for creating value. In the present times, service oriented dimensions are also given importance. Value is said to be created during the period of usage. The process of value creation by customers is non linear. Customers have the ability to create value in the brand communities by using four processes (Laroche et al. 2012). These four processes are social networking, community engagement, impression management and use of brand. The brand of the communities plays a significant role in creating value. Businesses aim to create value and deliver value in an effective manner so that this value will help in generating profit after the cost. Value is said to be created through a process that is irreversible in nature. There are several ways to create value. A well built product that has several features cannot create value on its own. There are several other factors associated with the products and services that are sold to the customers. Businesses that are being operated in the present generation do not follow the economic theory to create value. A business is able to create value by obtaining competitive advantages (Miller and Mork 2013). Competitive advantages can be gained by doing something that is different from the rest. Every organization has a value proposition that makes it different from the rest. Value chain can be created by using Porters Value Chain ((Fearne, Garcia Martinez and Dent 2012). This model is divided into two broad categories of activities like primary and support activities. The primary activities include: Inbound logistics: This is related to the activity of collecting, storing as well as distributing input data internally. Operations: This is the processing activity that converts inputs into outputs. The Operational system present in this stage is responsible for creating value. Outbound logistics: This is related to delivering products or services to the customers in an efficient manner. Marketing and sales: This activity involves the process of persuading clients to buy products as well as services. Service: This activity deals with maintaining product value and service value to the customers. The secondary activities deal with the development of technology, procurement process, managing human resources and development of the infrastructure of the firm. These activities must be integrated in such a manner so that it generates high value for the customers. Value Creation Spheres There are several spheres of value creation (Gronroos and Voima 2013). The roles of the customers and the firms vary depending on the spheres to which they belong. Provider Sphere: This sphere is responsible for generating potential value and transforming this value into the real or in-use values. The value creation of the customers is facilitated by the activities that are performed by the organization. The firm acts as the value facilitator in the provider sphere. The providers are responsible for generating outputs that the customers can use for creating value. Joint Sphere: In this sphere, customers are co-creator of value. Direct interactions are responsible for creating value for the customers. Absence of direct interaction does not lead to value creation. Interaction develops the platform for creating value. The value creation can either be positive or negative depending on the interaction between organization and customers. The process of interaction can either be destructive or creative. The provider can ask the customers to become co-producers as well. Customer Sphere: The customer sphere is gaining importance with time. In this sphere, the role of the provider is passive. The customer value creation is independent of the provider. The value is created through the experiences that are gathered by the users with the passage of time. Customers can create value either by directly or indirectly interacting with the service providers. Impact of Social Media in Value Creation Social media plays a significant role in the process of value creation. Social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook play a major role in creating value for different brands and businesses (Hamilton, Kaltcheva and Rohm 2016). Brands find an effective way to communicate with young consumers. Initially the brands tried to create value through television and radio. But this method is not effective because young consumers rely more on digital marketing and communication. Young consumers have a tendency to get influenced by their peers and friends in making decisions regarding purchases and developing brand attitude (Bechmann and Lomborg 2013). Brands can create communities in the social media platforms for interacting with the customers and creating brand awareness. Consumers play an active role in creating value. The brands develop several communication strategies to make the consumers aware of their brands and create value. Consumers have the tendency to get emotionally involved an d gain huge experience on social media platforms. Companies can promote their brands by taking the help of social media platforms. Companies can get to know about the likes and dislikes of the consumers by interacting with them on the social media platform (Agnihotri et al. 2012). Customer queries can also be resolved very quickly. This will attract the customers towards a particular brand. This will also help in increasing the level of customer satisfaction and create value. There are various ways by which customers can get engaged with various brands that form communities on a social media platform. A restaurant can promote their new menu on Facebook to attract new customers. It has been pointed out that the customers must have a self motivation to get engaged with the brands that are being promoted on social media. If they are not motivated then it will result in a negative result. The online marketers are suggested to develop and improve new communication strategies for maximizi ng the probability of attracting the customers. Marketing research investigates the various methods of interaction that is possible between the customers and the organizations (Pagani 2013). Customers are satisfied only when their expectations are fulfilled. Interaction satisfaction plays a major role creating value. Utilitarian as well as hedonic outcomes are associated with consumers when they are engaged in social media communication and interaction with the various brands. Value Outcomes There are four logics for determining the value outcome. The first logic considers value to be the means-ends; second logic is based on benefits and sacrifices, third logic is based on the experience outcomes and the fourth logic is phenomenological in nature. In the value as means-ends approach value is appreciated at various abstraction levels (Gummerus 2013). Here the attributes of the products are considered to be at the lowest level, performance of the attributes is at the middle level and the purpose of the product at the highest level. This approach considers the customer values (Beattie and Smith 2013). This approach has found out that several motives and goals are unrecognized and unconscious. In the second approach value is viewed as utility perception of the consumers that is based on the benefits and sacrifices. Sacrifices can be monetary as well as non monetary. This is applicable to the services as well as products. The third approach aims to enrich and supplement the c ustomer views so that they can make logical decisions. This approach says that customer values are dependent on the type of experience which they gather through the process of interaction between customers and organizations. If the experience is good and satisfactory then there will be value creation(Gummerus 2013). If the experience is not good then it will have a reverse effect. The fourth approach states that value will be created if when the well being of the customers have improved. Managers are able to get a systematic insight into the concept of value. Value Creation and Competitive Advantage The organizations must identify its core competencies. These core competencies of the organizations are responsible for creating competitive advantages (Hollensen, 2015). Core competencies must be identified in order to grow and survive in a competitive market. Every organization has its own competitive advantage over the competitor firms that are running their business in the market. The competitive advantage of a firm can be many its internal processes, customer service or even its technological advancements. If an organization wants to deliver sustained value to the customers then the organization needs to produce as well as deliver advance and better solutions (Campbell, Coff and Kryscynski 2012). These solutions must be affordable and better than that offered by their competitors. This can be possible when the organization has unique competitive advantages over its competitors. The organizations will be able to generate more revenue and sustain its business in the competitive en vironment of the market. Conclusion It can be concluded from this report that businesses that are being operated in the present generation do not follow the economic theory to create value. A business is able to create value by obtaining competitive advantages. This report said that competitive advantages can be gained by doing something that is different from the rest. It said that customers do not simply focus on the economic and functional benefits. They also focus on other dimensions like social, emotional, environmental and ethical dimensions. This report stated that value chain can be created by using Porters Value Chain. This model is divided into two broad categories of activities like primary and support activities. These activities must be integrated in such a manner so that it generates high value for the customers. It concluded that the roles of the customers and the firms vary depending on the spheres to which they belong. This report showed the significance of social media in the process of value creation . It also gave an overview of the four logics for determining the value outcome. References Acharya, V.V., Gottschalg, O.F., Hahn, M. and Kehoe, C., 2012. Corporate governance and value creation: Evidence from private equity.The Review of Financial Studies,26(2), pp.368-402. Agnihotri, R., Kothandaraman, P., Kashyap, R. and Singh, R., 2012. Bringing social into sales: the impact of salespeoples social media use on service behaviors and value creation.Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management,32(3), pp.333-348. Austin, J.E. and Seitanidi, M.M., 2012. Collaborative value creation: A review of partnering between nonprofits and businesses. Part 2: Partnership processes and outcomes.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,41(6), pp.929-968. Beattie, V. and Smith, S.J., 2013. Value creation and business models: refocusing the intellectual capital debate.The British Accounting Review,45(4), pp.243-254. Bechmann, A. and Lomborg, S., 2013. Mapping actor roles in social media: Different perspectives on value creation in theories of user participation.New media society,15(5), pp.765-781. Campbell, B.A., Coff, R. and Kryscynski, D., 2012. Rethinking sustained competitive advantage from human capital.Academy of Management Review,37(3), pp.376-395. Chemmanur, T.J., Loutskina, E. and Tian, X., 2014. Corporate venture capital, value creation, and innovation.The Review of Financial Studies,27(8), pp.2434-2473. Fearne, A., Garcia Martinez, M. and Dent, B., 2012. Dimensions of sustainable value chains: implications for value chain analysis.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(6), pp.575-581. Grnroos, C. and Voima, P., 2013. Critical service logic: making sense of value creation and co-creation.Journal of the academy of marketing science,41(2), pp.133-150. Gummerus, J., 2013. Value creation processes and value outcomes in marketing theory: strangers or siblings?.Marketing Theory,13(1), pp.19-46. Hamilton, M., Kaltcheva, V.D. and Rohm, A.J., 2016. Social media and value creation: the role of interaction satisfaction and interaction immersion.Journal of Interactive Marketing,36, pp.121-133. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Laroche, M., Habibi, M.R., Richard, M.O. and Sankaranarayanan, R., 2012. The effects of social media based brand communities on brand community markers, value creation practices, brand trust and brand loyalty.Computers in Human Behavior,28(5), pp.1755-1767. Miller, H.G. and Mork, P., 2013. From data to decisions: a value chain for big data.IT Professional,15(1), pp.57-59. Pagani, M., 2013. Digital business strategy and value creation: Framing the dynamic cycle of control points.Mis Quarterly,37(2). Strandvik, T., Holmlund, M. and Edvardsson, B., 2012. Customer needing: a challenge for the seller offering.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,27(2), pp.132-141.

My Work Experience Essay Essay Example

My Work Experience Essay Paper Previous Job Experience Essay During the summer holiday, I kept thinking about what sort of work I was going to get as it was not fully confirmed before I left for the summer holidays. I received a letter from the school explaining where I was going to be working and my Job Description and Hours, etc. The company I was going to be working for was Jacobs Babtie which is one of the leading technical and management consultancies operating in transport and development, environment, property and structures, and partnerships and outsourcing markets both in the UK and internationally. During my Working Experience The job description was very unattractive as it described that I was going to be putting PC input which was okay but then carried explaining printing maps, photocopying, etc which I rather boring. Right from the start I wanted a place related with computers, so where did they place me a place related with computer. In some ways I was looking forward to be working with computers but in some ways I dint want to go as it dint like doing photocopying or printing all day. During My Work Experience So here it came, the day I was going to work for the first time. I woke up at 7:30 as my start was at 9:30 and finished at 3:30 which I liked. While I was getting ready and eating my breakfast I kept trying to picture on what I was going to do and how my first day would go. Firstly I went in and was introduced by Jatinder Thandi who was going to look after me for the next two weeks. With Jatinder I went around the building and introduced me to other people. The building was split into two, one an office and the other a lab which took me by surprise. We will write a custom essay sample on My Work Experience Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Work Experience Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Work Experience Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Basically until lunch which was at 2 oclock I walked around getting to no the place. After Lunch Jatinder introduced the programs they used which was linked with maps which I just looked into and messed with. That was It my first day finished. The only thing that came to my mind was at last. I was really looking forward to the next day but like I school I knew I had to be there. I was introduced by the health safety inspector who showed me around where the fire exits where and other information I needed to know. The place was very chilled out as you could start work went you wanted and have break and lunch anytime, it wasnt strict at all which was good. The second day I didnt really start work straight, I just sat on the computer playing about with it which they dint really mind as no one really did any work. After a while I was given a sheet full of pot holes where I had to find from using a program called GWings which is full of maps. Basically on the sheet would be where the potholes where and I would have to plot them on GWings. All through that day I carried on plotting which passed my time and had finished the day. All through the week except for Friday I was given the same thing to do which was given the same thing to do which was plotting potholes into the database. Jatinder and other staff would check on me if I was aright. As they had an inspector which would go out investigating the roads they had loads of sheets coming in everyday which would keep be busy everyday. On Friday I thought I would be doing the old boring thing but Jatinder decided that he would give me change and send me next door which was the lab, firstly I wasnt too happy as I didnt have the right dress code and would get my hands dirty but any way I dint complain. The lab would experiment the tarmac and gravel thy put on the floor to see if it was okay and suitable. A person would go out there and basically slice a hole which they would investigate. There was about 5 people working in the lab and for the first hour I just stood there working out and watching what they were doing. After a while I got stuck in there and my part was to sieve a pile of stones so they could experiment the stone as sizes not all being mixed up. I was given the job the duty of sieving all day, which in some ways I like it as I gained a different experience and in some ways I dint because it was filthy work. That was it my first week over and it was a tough one as well but gained a lot of experience. The second week I got use to the place and people as after the first week I built my confidence as at the beginning I was nervous and shy but as it went along I use to chat with the other colleagues at lunch and so on. The second week was basically the same I went back to the computer and was given a new task which was almost the same as plotting the potholes but more into depth. Again I was given a sheet with the place and street and so on where the pothole was but this time I had to write on Microsoft Excel as a database where the pot hole was, the grid reverence number, when the pothole was found and the notes about it such as how deep and how damaging it was. I on the whole got on with this and having breaks every hour which was advised for my eyes and I would just read the newspaper or something. For the next three days I continued with that and produced and evaluation with this. Now it was Thursday and had go use to the routine of getting to work at 9:30 and doing the work. Same as last week I was given a change and went into the lab and now they got use to me and I got use to the work so I got on with the work and they expected me to be like any other worker so I was rushed of to my feet that day. After Work Experience Not knowing Thursday was going to be my last day I had a great time and learned many skills. In some way I felt really happy I wasnt going to be doing that work again but in some ways I felt bad not going on the last day. I found the work experience to be a very good learning experience. This week has shown me how different working in the real world is compared to school. The working day is longer and I now feel that the school hours are much easier to cope with. I am quite pleased with what I have done this week and I will leave with new skills. I have developed many new skills both technical knowledge and personal skills.

Ice Breakers for the First Day of Elementary School

Ice Breakers for the First Day of Elementary School The first few minutes of class, kicking off a new school year can be awkward and nerve-wracking for both you and your new students. You dont yet know these students well, nor do they know you, and they may not even know each other yet. Breaking the ice and getting the conversation going so everyone can get to know each other is an important thing to do.   Check out these popular  Ice Breaker activities that you can use with your elementary school students when school opens. The activities are fun and easy for students. Best of all, they elevate the mood and help thaw out the first day of school jitters. 1. Human Scavenger Hunt To prepare, pick about 30-40 interesting characteristics and experiences and list them on a worksheet with a little-underlined space next to each item. Next, have the students roam around the classroom asking each other to sign on the lines that relate to them. For example, some of your lines might be, Went out of the country this summer or Has braces or Likes pickles. So, if a student went to Turkey this summer, they can sign that line on other peoples worksheets. Depending on the size of your class, it may be OK for each student to sign two of any other persons blank spaces. The goal is to fill up your worksheet with signatures for each and every category. This may look like organized chaos, but the students will typically stay on task and have fun with this one. Alternatively, this activity can be put into the format of a Bingo board, rather than a list. 2. Two Truths and a Lie At their desks, ask your students to write down three sentences about their lives (or their summer vacations). Two of the sentences should be true and one should be a lie. For example, your statements might be: This summer I went to Alaska.I have 5 little brothers.My favorite food is brussels sprouts. Next, have your class sit in a circle. Each person gets a chance to share their three sentences. Then the rest of the class takes turns guessing which one is the lie. Obviously, the more realistic your lie (or mundane your truths), the harder time people will have figuring out the truth. 3. Same and Different Organize your class into small groups of approximately 4 or 5. Give each group two pieces of paper and a pencil. On the first sheet of paper, the students write Same or Shared at the top and then proceed to find qualities that are shared by the group as a whole. Make sure to point out that these should not be silly or trite qualities, such as We all have toes. On the second paper, label it Different or Unique and give the students time to determine some aspects that are unique to only one member of their group. Then, set aside time for each group to share and present their findings. Not only is this a great activity for getting to know each other, but it also emphasizes how the class has shared commonalities as well as unique differences that make up an interesting and completely human whole. 4. Trivia Card Shuffle First, come up with a predetermined set of questions about your students. Write them on the board for all to see. These questions can be about anything, ranging from What is your favorite food? to What did you do this summer? Give each student an index card numbered 1-5 (or however many questions you are asking) and have them write their answers to the questions on it, in order. You should also fill out a card about yourself. After a few minutes, collect the cards and redistribute them to the students, making sure no one gets their own card. From here, there are two ways that you can finish out this Ice Breaker. The first option is to have the students get up and mingle as they chat and try to figure out who wrote the cards they are holding. The second method is to begin the sharing process by modeling for the students how to use the card to introduce a classmate. 5. Sentence Circles Split your students into groups of 5. Give each group a piece of sentence strip paper and a pencil. On your signal, the first person in the group writes one word on the strip and then passes it to the left. The second person then writes the second word of the burgeoning sentence. The writing continues in this pattern around the circle with no talking. When the sentences are complete, the students share their creations with the class. Do this a few times and have them notice how their collective sentences improve each time around. Edited by  Stacy Jagodowski.

Felony Inmates Reintegration Back Into Society Essay

Felony Inmates Reintegration Back Into Society - Essay Example There are various felony crimes that could be committed and that have been committed. According to Criminal Law Attorney, felony crimes constitute offenses which are more serious and heavier than misdemeanor crimes like public intoxication and petty theft (2012). The penalty for felony crimes includes fines, incarceration and other punitive punishments. A person convicted of felony crime in a court of law is referred to as a felon (Hattery & Smith, 2010). The rights of convicted felons would often be revoked, for example, the right to vote, the right to bear arms and the right to offer service in the military. Felony crimes could be categorized according to the degree which shows the severity of crime. Of all the felony crimes in this categorization, the most serious are first degree crimes. The definitions of these degrees vary depending on the state or federal laws applicable and also depending on the presiding jurisdiction. While some felony offenders would be tried through the system of state criminal justice, others would be tried through the federal court system. These would be governed by state laws and federal laws respectively. This means that despite the similarity in some types of felony crimes, the outcome could be different depending on where they were tried. Similarly, these crimes could be categorized into two; ones that are violent by intent or act and those ones that are not. Non-violent felony crimes are usually considered as white collar crimes. They would mostly be committed in businesses or professional set-ups with the aim of gaining financially at the expense of another person’s loss. ... These convictions make up about 4% of federal convictions as compared to over 16% in state convictions (Hattery & Smith, 2010). Arson refers to an offense that involves maliciously damaging a building, vessel, inhabited structure or any property through fire or explosive (Travis & Visher, 2005). There are other felony offenses that are neither violent in nature nor intent and include burglary, fraud, forgery and larceny. O’Brien (2010) observed that about 67% of convictions for property felony crimes lead to incarceration. Other non-violent crimes include drug trafficking and possession and about 90% of those convicted of crimes related to drugs face incarceration (Hattery & Smith, 2010). The penalties for felony have been classified into tiers depending on each state’s arrangement. They are often categorized in alphabetical and numerical classes like Class 1, Class A and first degree felony, with crimes in a class bearing similar punishment. Other categories could incl ude Class 2, Class B and second degree classes and Class 3, Class C and third class felonies. Murder felony charges and capital punishment would be in their own category. Federal felony classifications have crimes divided from Class A to Class E charges, which determine the fine to be charged depending on the severity of crime and the offender’s prior criminal records. Generally, felonies convicted on State level are less harsh than Federal punishments (Allard, 2002). How well do inmates regain or create family bonds after incarceration? The terms of incarceration for felony cases vary greatly but usually above one year and could even go to one having a life sentence. According to Scirmer, Nellis and Mauer, M. (2009), 1.7 million American children had their

An evaluation of a successful media campaign for a 2009 film Essay

An evaluation of a successful media campaign for a 2009 film - Essay Example After two years Transformers 2 was released in the month of June 2009 to a highly receptive audience in Europe and North America. The film is based on the epic battle between two forces – Decepticons versus Autobots (Gale Reference Team,2007). The former is led by Starscream of Cybertron while the latter is led by Optimums. The whole story of the film revolves around one particular character, viz. Sam Witwicky. He is a human being caught up in the conflict because he has strange visitations from Cybertronians. Finally, the battle for the earth expands in to a battle for the universe and as expected, Decepticons are defeated by Autobots. Being a science fiction Transformers 2 has all the characteristics of both imaginable and unimaginable stretches of human perception (http://news-briefs.ew.com). What is so significant about the film is the notion that the earth and humans would be protected by an alien force against any possible attack by a more powerful civilization. As with any other science fiction involving heavy machines, Transformer 2 is also a slugfest among a variety of metallic machines that incidentally have names as human individuals would have (www.scifisquad.com). However there is one particular aspect of the film that cannot be brushed aside as mere imagination of Steven Spielberg. The psychology behind a universal battle is based on the thematic paradigm that pits the evil against the good. Spielberg has invariably identified both connotations and denotations of the remotest possibility, i.e. a war between two extraterrestrial forces over human affairs. In other words the existence of extraterrestrials is without logic; yet there are people who subscribe to the theory of extraterrestrials. The melodramatic characterization of fighting machines on the basis of quality attributes farfetched though, human imagination does not reject the possibility of a no-holds-barred slugfests

Genetics of sickle cell Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Genetics of sickle cell - Assignment Example Those with a single inherited gene do not suffer from the disease but possess the sickle cell trait that can be transferred to their children. The genetics of sickle cell disease are discussed here, with respect to the inheritance of the disease, its molecular genetics and genetic variation. SCD is a multi-system disease in which episodes of acute illness occur along with progressive organ damage (Rees, Williams and Gladwin, 2010). It is among the worlds most commonly occurring severe monogenic disorders. Herrick first described the occurrence of sickle shaped red blood cells in 1910 (Cited in Rees, Williams and Gladwin, 2010). Pauling et al. (1949) later identified that sickle haemoglobin has electrophoretic abnormalities, therefore terming SCD as a molecular disease. Normal red blood cells can pass freely through capillaries while abnormal sickle shaped red blood cells cannot. Sickle shaped red blood cells are long and sticky, with tapering ends. Figure 1 shows the difference between normal RBC and sickle cells. Sickle cells tend to bunch up while some break down, stopping or slowing down the flow of blood (Peterson, 2008). Sickle cells do not receive enough oxygen and their waste products cannot be carried away. Because of the buildup of waste products and lack of oxygen, sickle cell disease causes great pain and even death. As per the National Institutes of Health (NIH) estimates, around 72,000 Americans, most of which are African Americans, suffer from sickle cell anemia (Peterson, 2008). Worldwide, there are millions of people inflicted with the disease, which commonly occurs in warm areas near large bodies of water (Peterson, 2008). While the occurrence sickle shaped red blood cells was discovered by James Herrick and their abnormal electrophoretic mobility was identified by Linus Pauling and colleagues, it was Vernon Ingram who discovered that the disease resulted from a